1. Chapter 20 Capacitors, Resistors and Batteries

2. Drift speed of ions in chemical battery: In usual circuit elements: In a battery:, assuming uniform field: emf r int - internal resistance Real Batteries: Internal Resistance

3. Model of a real battery ideal battery R Round trip (energy conservation): Real Batteries: Internal Resistance Situation 1: disconnect R (R=  ) I = 0  V = emf Situation 2: R is in place Situation 3: short battery (R=0)I = emf /r int  V = 0

4. ideal battery R r int  0.25  R 100  10  1  0  Ideal 0.015 A 0.15 A 1.5 A infinite 1.5 V Real 0.01496 A 0.146 A 1.2 A 6 A  V R =RI 1.496 V 1.46 V 1.2 V 0 V Real Batteries: Internal Resistance

5. What is the maximum current? For one: Two batteries: Two batteries in series: short-circuit current is the same as for one (internal resistance is twice higher) Two Batteries in Series

6. What is the maximum current? I 3 = I 1 + I 2 I1I1 I2I2 For one: Two batteries: Two batteries in parallel: short-circuit current is twice of one (or internal resistance is twice smaller than that of one) Two Batteries in Parallel

7. Ammeter: measures current I Voltmeter: measures voltage difference  V Ohmmeter: measures resistance R Ammeters, Voltmeters and Ohmmeters

8. 0.150 Connecting ammeter: An ammeter must be inserted into the circuit in series with the circuit element whose current you want to measure. An ammeter must have a very small resistance, so as not to alter significantly the circuit in which it has been inserted. Conventional current must flow into the ‘+’ terminal and emerge from the ‘-’ terminal to result in positive reading. Using an Ammeter

9. Is it correct connection? A)Yes B)No Exercise: Connecting Ammeter

10.  V AB – add a series resistor to ammeter Measure I and convert to  V AB =IR Connecting Voltmeter: Higher potential must be connected to the ‘+’ socket and lower one to the ‘-’ socket to result in positive reading. Voltmeter Voltmeters measure potential difference

11. R1R1 R2R2 emf A B  V AB in absence of a voltmeter A r int  V AB in presence of a voltmeter Internal resistance of a voltmeter must be very large Voltmeter: Internal Resistance

12. Demonstration

13. Clicker A)1.7 V B)3.4 V C)5.1 V D)6.8 V E)12 V What is the potential difference across the clams when I take bulb out of circuit?

14. Initial situation: Q=0 Q and I are changing in time Quantitative Analysis of an RC Circuit

15. Current in an RC circuit What is I 0 ? Current in an RC circuit RC Circuit: Current

16. Current in an RC circuit What about charge Q on capacitor? Current in an RC circuit RC Circuit: Charge and Voltage Check: t=0, Q=0, t--> inf, Q=C*emf

17. Current in an RC circuit Charge in an RC circuit Voltage in an RC circuit RC Circuit: Summary

18. Current in an RC circuit When time t = RC, the current I drops by a factor of e. RC is the ‘time constant’ of an RC circuit. The RC Time Constant A rough measurement of how long it takes to reach final equilibrium

19. What is the value of RC? About 9 seconds

20. Find currents through resistors Loop 1Loop 2Loop 3 Loop 4 I1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I5I5 I4I4 loop 1: loop 2: loop 3: nodes: Five independent equations and five unknowns Exercise: A Complicated Resistive Circuit