1. Tundra Long cold winters and short summers Permafrost

2. Cold climate leads to short growing season Soil is poor in nutrients An under-layer of soil called permafrost remains completely frozen at all times allows no room for deep rooting plants and trees. This also prevents water from percolating into the ground and as a result, bogs, ponds and small lakes cover the landscape providing a perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes and other insects. This abundant food brings many waterfowl to nesting grounds in the tundra.

3. Plants are extremely resilient with short, shallow roots close to the surface,adapt to wet soil in the short summer Plant life consists of shrubbery, lichen, and moss. No trees!

4. Taiga, Boreal Forest Taiga is also know as Coniferous or Boreal Forest. Largest terrestrial biome on earth which includes a variety of climate conditions, from moderate to severe. Generally, winters are long and cold, and summers are mild and short.

5. Precipitation is moderate (20 to 60 cm) and evaporation is low. Soils are thin, nutrient poor and acidic Trees adapt by producing a dense network of shallow roots, grow small needle shaped, wax coated leaves, shed their needles

6. In the summer the soil is often waterlogged, forming acidic bogs (muskegs) Dominated by black spruce, fir, pine, poplar, and aspen.

9. Temperate Rainforest Temperate rainforests are among the rarest ecosystems in the world, and originally comprised less than.02 per cent of Earth's land surface. Approximately half of all original temperate rainforests have been logged. Also called Coniferous Evergreen Forest

12. temperate rainforests are found in the middle latitudes. Where milder climates prevail, deciduous tree species dominate, while coniferous tree species prevail where colder winters occur. Favorable growing conditions - a moderate climate, minimal changes in the seasons, and ample rainfall - allow trees to grow all year in temperate rainforests. Trees are often enormous.. For example, in Washington State's Olympic Peninsula, a 127-metre (420 foot) Douglas fir was chopped down in 1895. Redwoods dominated California's temperate rainforests, and this fir tree was taller than a modern-day Redwood by 18 metres (60 feet). Sitka spruce, cedar and hemlock, fir are typical trees found in this biome.

13. Coastal temperate rainforests have four defining characteristics: a proximity to oceans, presence of coastal mountains, cooler summer temperatures and high rainfall levels One of the most fascinating aspects of the coastal temperate rainforest is the blurred boundary between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. These forests have abundant epiphytes (plants that live on other plants); and they have a dense shrubby understory, even the surfaces of trees support other plants and lichens. Conifers have adapted to poor,acidic soil by developing a root systems which picks up nourishment from the top soil layer Trees cone shape with thin flexible branches so snow will fall off easily and strong winds will not break branches. Cones protect seeds from cold winter weather and waxy needles minimize water loss through transpiration in the summer. Problems: Clear Cutting Logging Salmon at risk Species depletion

14. Temperate Deciduous Forest Found in the mid-latitudes Characteristics of this biome influenced by patterns of temperature and precipitation. There are four definite seasons.

16. During the fall, trees change color and then lose their leaves. This is in preparation for the winter season which is cold. Trees have adapted to the winter by going into a period of dormancy or sleep. They also have thick bark to protect them from the cold weather. Trees flower and grow during the spring and summer growing season. Many different kinds of trees, shrubs, and herbs grow in deciduous forests. Most of the trees are broadleaf trees such as oak, maple, beech, hickory,aspen and chestnut. There are also several different kinds of plants like mountain laurel, azaleas and mosses that live on the shady forest floor where only small amounts of sunlight get through. Leaf litter adds nutrients to the soil annually and enjoyed by the bugs.

17. Mid-Latitude Grassland Steppe, Prairie Grassland biomes are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs. Latitude, soil and local climates for the most part determine what kinds of plants grow in a particular grassland.

18. A grassland is a region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas a few trees. The precipitation is so erratic that drought and fire prevent large forests from growing. Grasses can survive fires because they grow from the bottom instead of the top. Their stems can grow again after being burned off. Grasses can be tall (1.5m) or short. Species distribution depends on moisture availability and heat.

21. Mediterranean, Schlerophyll This subtropical Mediterranean biome is composed of small scattered trees (often less than 3m high),thorny bushes and shrubs. Also called the Maquis in Europe or Chaparral in California. Cactus and other water storing plants do well in this environment. The cacti often form dense thickets. The climate in this area is unique with the wet season occurring in winter and summer drought (annual rainfall of 15-40 inches)

22. Olive Broom

23. Most of the plant growth is leafy, leathery and relatively short. It is important for plants to be drought resistant, to survive the short wet winters and long dry summers. Plants often have deep roots to tap water, but also help stabilize the soil during the brief rainy season. The geography of this region begins at the seashore and extends through rolling farmlands, with grazing and cultivation, into the mountains Fire is a major factor in the dynamics of this plant community, and plants are adapted to fire, ie. Crown-sprouting shrubs,and annual fire-followers. Important as fire thins out the vegetation. Extreme heat needed to develop some varieties of seeds.