2. The atoms: MENU:  First bell work with directions First bell work with directions  Names/symbols quiz 1 Names/symbols quiz 1  Names/symbols quiz 2 Names/symbols quiz 2  Start of the atom Notes Start of the atom Notes  Bell works at end of ppt Bell works at end of ppt  Percent abundance notes Percent abundance notes  Atomic egg lab/How did you get that? Atomic egg lab  Centium lab Centium lab

3. Bell work: Date: Write the [answers] to the following: (Just write the answers) Name plates! IDS! Turn in Classroom Contracts Now if you have not- into the hulk-hand-in. 1) When should you have your ID on? 2) If you are sitting in the lab and you leave that area, what should you do? 3) If the teacher starts counting to 5 what should you do? 4) If you disagree with the teacher on a grade or other matter, when should you talk to the teacher about it? 5) What should you do if you are late? 6) In what other situations should you use the tardy door? 7) What 3 things are on all papers you hand in? 8) When should your cell phone be put away?

4. Bell work: Date: (see board) ONLY WRITE WHAT’S in [ ]. Turn in your Classroom management if you have not already. Name the [three elements that gave you the most trouble] last night while you studied. Write their names and their symbols. Names in front please!

5. Bellwork: Date:  Draw and label an atom of lithium the best that you can.  (It’s ok to be incorrect- just try)

6. Bellwork: Date:  Draw and label an [atom of nitrogen] the best that you can. Do it like you did carbon in your notes.  (It’s ok to be incorrect- just try)

7. Element name and symbols quiz 1) H 2) O 3) Cl 4) N 5) S 6) F 7) P 8) Br 9) Ne 10) Tellurium 11) Rn 12) He 13) Ar 14) Kr 15) I 16) Astatine 17) Xe 18) Si 19) As 20) C 21) B 22) Se ^

8. Element name and symbols quiz 1) H 2) O 3) Cl 4) N 5) S 6) F hydrogen oxygen chlorine nitrogen sulfur fluorine 7) P 8) Br 9) Ne 10) Tellurium 11) Rn phosphorus bromine neon Te Radon

9. Element name and symbols quiz 12) He 13) Ar 14) Kr 15) I 16) Astatine 17) Xe 18) Si 19) As 20) C 21) B 22) Se Helium argon krypton iodine At xenon Silicon arsenic carbon boron selenium

10. Bell work: Date: ONLY WRITE WHAT’S in [ ]. Turn in your Classroom management if you have not already.  [Name three elements you had trouble with ] last night- write the name and symbol.  1)  2)  3)

11. Element name and symbols quiz2 1) Li 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Ca 5) Zn 6) Co 7) Sr 8) Cu 9) Fe 10) Ti 11) K 12) Ba 13) Mn 14) Cs 15) V 16) Be 17) Fr 18) Ra 19) Ni 20) Rb 21) Ag 22) Hg 23) Cr 24) Sc 25) Au ^

12. Bell work: Date: (see board) ONLY WRITE WHAT’S in [ ]. Turn in your Classroom management if you have not already. Names in front please! What might happen in the situation below? [Write down the reactants and make an educated ] guess of what the products might look like. It is ok to be wrong, just give it a try. AlCl 3 + Mg 

13. Element name and symbols quiz 2 1) Li 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Ca 5) Zn 6) Co 7) Sr 8) Cu lithium magnesium sodium calcium zinc cobalt strontium copper 9) Fe 10) Ti 11) K 12) Ba 13) Mn 14) Cs iron titanium potassium barium manganese cesium

14. Element name and symbols quiz 15) V 16) Be 17) Fr 18) Ra 19) Ni 20) Rb vanadium beryllium francium radium nickel rubidium silver platinum chromium scandium gold 21) Ag 22) Pt 23) Cr 24) Sc 25) Au

15. NAME PLATES IN FRONT PLEASE! 1) After the bell, remain quiet as you begin your bell work. 2)Write down “Bell work” and the date to begin each day. Then write everything that is in brackets[ ]. Finally, answer the question. Bell work date: 8/ / [Name as many topics that you can think of that you believe might be taught in this class]. 1) Gravity… 2) etc. 3)

16. NAME PLATES IN FRONT PLEASE! 1) After the bell, remain quiet as you begin your bell work. 2)Write down “Bell work” and the date to begin each day. Then write everything that is in brackets[ ]. Finally, answer the question. Bell work date: 8/ / [Make a list of the elements symbols and names for as many as you can remember]. 1) H hydrogen 2) etc. 3)

17. Bell work: Date: (see board) Materials Check in place of bell work. Place the following on your desk. 1 3-ring binder with paper- leave open 2 Mechanical pencil 3 Red pen 4 Reading book 5 Sci. Calculator * Turn in classroom management if you have not to the Hulk Hand-in.

18. Bell work: Date: (see board) CHECK #2. Place the following on your desk. 1 3-ring binder with paper- leave open 2 Mechanical pencil 3 Red pen 4 Reading book 5 Sci. Calculator * Have all item by tomorrow at the latest.

19. Bell work: Date: (see board) CHECK #3. Place the following on your desk. 1 3-ring binder with paper- leave open 2 Mechanical pencil 3 Red pen 4 Reading book 5 Sci. Calculator

20. Bell work: Date: (see board) Write both [isotopic symbols] for the following atoms. [1) P= 10 N=10 e - = 10] 2) [P= 7 N=8 e - = 7] Fire drill and Tornado Drill Procedures will be covered.

21. THE ATOM

22. Everything that exists in the universe is one of two things… 1) Energy 2) Matter All matter is made of one or more of the … … Elements! ^ http://www.privatehand.com/flash/ele ments.html

23.  Examples of energy  Heat  Light  Sound Do these things have mass? NO Do they take up space? NO^

24.  Chemistry is the study of MATTER.  Matter is defined as…  Anything that has mass and takes up space.  Examples… (name a few)^

26. What makes up an atom?  Protons  Neutrons  Electrons  These can be broken into even smaller parts.^

27. Particle Accelerators Atom smashing viewput on repeat on atom smashin 9 min.avi atom smashin 9 min.avi

28. Protons  Have a positive charge  Are part of the nucleus  Have a mass of 1 AMU  (atomic mass unit)^

29. NOT TO SCALE! 1 atom of carbon { Nucleus of atom Protons (part of nucleus) + + + + + + Each has a positive charge Weight of each one = 1 amu Total weight so far? 6 amu!

30. Neutrons  Have no charge: they are neutral  Are part of the nucleus  Have a mass of 1 AMU

31. Update: (same atom of carbon) { Nucleus of atom Protons (part of nucleus) + + + + + + Neutrons (part of nucleus) None have a charge Each weighs 1 amu Total weight of atom so far? 6 protons= 6 amu + 6 neutrons = 6 amu 12 amu total!

32. Electrons  Have a negative charge.  Move very quickly around the nucleus.  This fast movement forms the “electron clouds”.  Have relatively no mass.^

33. Final Update: (same atom of carbon) Protons (part of nucleus) + + + + + + Neutrons (part of nucleus) Electrons move quickly around the nucleus - Each electron has a negative charge - Electrons have no mass (relatively) What is the overall mass/weight of this atom of carbon? 12 amu Overall charge of atom? +6 (protons) -6 (electrons) Neutral overall! - - - - - -

34. Atoms and elements  All matter is made of atoms.  There are many types of atoms.  Each different type of atom is known as an element. ^

35. Comparing sizes Nucleus Atom Nucleus  Nucleus (50 yd line) (50 yd line)

36. How elements are different  To determine the element you have, you only need to know the number of PROTONS.  The number of protons is known as the atomic number.  The atomic number is the whole number on most periodic charts.^

37. Counting Protons (P), Neutrons (N), and Electrons(e - )  All atoms are neutral overall.  The number of Protons (+) & electrons (-) must be the same to be neutral.  Why doesn't the number of neutrons matter?  They do not affect the charge!^

38.  Isotopes- are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.  Each isotope of an element will have a different mass/weight.  The number of neutrons can vary in atoms of a given element  Ex. assume there are 3 isotopes of carbon Isotopes C P= N= e-=e-= 6 6 6 C P= N= e-=e-= 6 7 6 C P= N= e-=e-= 6 8 6 The 3 isotopes of C

39. Isotopes  Can changing the number of neutrons change what element it is?  No  Would changing the number of neutrons affect the mass?  Yes!  Each one has a mass of 1 amu  Changing neutrons will only effect the mass.^

40. Finding the mass of an Isotope  Mass number- the mass of a single atom  What subatomic particles have mass?  What is the mass of each one?  If something has 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 5 electrons, what is the mass number?  5 P + 5 N= 10 amu total  Remember, mass number= P + N ^

41. Naming an isotope  In the last example the mass was 10 amu.  What was the element?  Boron! Atomic number 5- it had 5 protons.  This isotope’s name can be written two ways. 1) 10 B 5 This shows the atomic number and the mass number ( the atomic # is not always shown). 2) B-10 This way only gives the mass number. ^

42. Remember these? C P= N= e-=e-= 6 6 6 C P= N= e-=e-= 6 7 6 C P= N= e-=e-= 6 8 6 3 isotopes of C Names? C-12C-13 C-14

43. Write 2 isotopic symbols given the following knowns…  1) 4 protons, 2 neutrons, 4 electrons  2) 12 neutrons, 13 protons, 13 electrons Be- 6, 4 Be Al-25, 13 Al 6 25

44.  The atom lab 1 (beads)

45. Average atomic mass-  Every element on the periodic chart shows its atomic number and also another number- usually a decimal.  This decimal number is the average atomic mass.  It is not the mass number of any one atom.  It represents the average mass of atoms of the element.  It is an average of all the different.  Isotopes!  The most common isotope will influence the overall average atomic mass the most.

46. Bellwork date: [How is the periodic chart arranged?] Hint: it seems to related to one of the three subatomic particles we are studying. Name plate up- IDs on. Have all materials out on your desk… Red pen, mechanical pencil/lead, binder, book (non-text), calculator

47. Bellwork: Date: Write 2 isotopic symbols for the following knowns…  1) 8 protons, 6 neutrons, 8 electrons  2) 15 neutrons, 16 protons, 16 electrons O-14, 8 O S-31, 16 S 14 31

48. Ions Why do atoms often become Ions? Most atoms are not naturally stable. Only the Noble gases are stable as atoms. So atoms tend to “become like a noble gas” in the NUMBER OF ELECTRONS they have. To do this, atoms will gain or lose electrons to achieve the same number of electrons as the closest noble gas.

49. Example of making an ion  Atoms become ions by gaining or losing 1 or more electrons.  Note that ions will always have a charge on them (unlike atoms).  Ion types: Cations = + ions Anions= - ions  What happens if an atom of oxygen gains two electrons? What noble gas will it be like now?  It now has 10 e- (like Neon) and 8 P.  Is it more plus or minus now? By how much?  Its overall charge (oxidation number) is now –2.  This is how you show an ion:  O -2 The charge is written superscript.^

50. What is it?  2 e -  3 P  4 N  Ion of Li  -2 + 3 = +1 overall (cation) Symbol? Isotopic symbol? Li +1 Li +1 -7 or 7 Li +1 3

51. What is it?  7 e -  7 P  8 N  Atom of nitrogen NN  15 amu Symbol? Isotopic symbol? N N-15 or 15 N 7

52. What is it/How many?  13 N  18 e -  16 P  Ion of sulfur (anion)  S -2  29 amu Symbol? Isotopic symbol? S -2 S -2 -29 or 29 S -2 16

53. How many?  Ca – 41 or 41 Ca  P=  e - =  N= 20 21 20

54. How many?  F -1 - 20  P=  e - =  N= 9 10 11

55. How many?  41 Ca +2 or Ca +2 – 41  P=  e - =  N= 20 18 21 20

56. The Bohr model of the atom - created by Niels Bohr - is a simplified way to understand what an atom looks like. - it shows electrons in Energy levels -the first E level is closest to the nucleus… and can hold only 2 electrons. - the 2 nd energy level is larger and farther from the nucleus and can hold 8 electrons. - 3 rd can hold up to 18 electrons- stable at 8 and /or 18 (this will be explored more in later topics)

57. The Borh model of the atom - The Octet Rule: States that most elements are stable when they have 8 electrons in the outermost energy level. - All elements will be stable when they have a FILLED OUTERMOST ENERGY LEVEL. - Valence= Outermost

58. Lets try a few… Draw the Bohr model for the following, Then predict how the following become stable (just state it- don’t change model). Beryllium Oxygen Sodium Nitrogen

59. [ Bellwork: Date: Write the symbol for the stable ion/atom.  Mg  As  Al  Rb  I ]

60. Bell work!: Date:  A certain ion contains 10 electrons. It also has a charge of -2. What element might this be?  A certain ion contains 54 electrons. It also has a charge of +2. What is the identity of the element?

61. Percent Abundance  As we have discussed, there may be more than one “type” of atom for each element.  For example, there are two types of lithium.  They are Li-6 and Li-7.  How are these two isotopes different from one another?  Li-7 has one more neutron.  As a review- identify how many P, N, and e - each of these isotopes of lithium has.^

62. Percent abundance cont.  In reality, Li-7 is found much more commonly than Li-6 in nature.  Li-7 is found 92.50 percent of the time.  Li- 6 must be found what percent of the time?  100% - 92.5% = 7.50 %  It can be stated that…  Li-7 has a percent abundance of 92.50%.  Li-6 has a percent abundance of 7.50 %.^

63. Calculating an element’s average atomic mass  This process will describe how scientists obtain that decimal number on the periodic chart.  Step 1) Write the isotope’s percent abundance in decimal form.  Li-7 =.9250  Li-6 =.0750 ^

64. Calculating an element’s average atomic mass Cont.  2) Multiply the mass of each by this decimal.  Li-7 x.9250 = 6.475  Li-6 x.0750 =.45 3)Add these numbers together to get the average atomic mass. 6.475+.45= 6.925 4) Finally, round to the hundredths place. 6.93 amu would be on the periodic chart.

65. The Periodic Chart  Family/Group: The vertical column an element is in on the periodic chart  Period: The horizontal row an element is in on the PC.  metals, non-metals:  noble gases:  transition metals (T-metals):  metalloids:  halogens:  alkali metals:  alkaline earth metals:

66. What element is found…  Family 1, period 3  Group II, period 5  Family 12, period 5  Group VII, Period 3  Where is Ca?  Where is Al?  Where is bromine?  Alkali metal in period 4?  Noble gas in period 2?

67. Bellwork: Date: 1. Name a nonmetal in family VI 2. Name a metalloid in period 2 3. Name an Alkaline Earth metal in period 4 4. Name a halogen in group 17 ;) 5. Name a transition metal in family 9 6. Name an alkali metal in period 5

68. Periodic Trends…  What charge will Family I elements always have?  Family II?  Fill in your PC with charges above the family numbers.

69. How many?  F -1 –20 or 20 F -1  P=  e - =  N= 9 10 11 Bellwork date: 9

70. What is it?  4 protons  5 neutrons  4 electrons  It’s beryllium  An ATOM of beryllium (it’s neutral!)  Be  Mass?  P and Neutrons are 1 amu each  4 + 5 = 9 amu Symbol? Isotopic symbol? Be Be-9 or

71. Ask! How did you get that? What else could he ask? What vocabulary goes with this?

72. Build an atom  Main page= see lab write up 2012 The sims

73. How many?  Al - 25  P=  e - =  N= 13 12

74. How many?  Al +3 - 25  P=  e - =  N= 13 10 12

75.  Consider the following symbol  [Ca +2]  Is it an atom or an ion?  How many protons are in it?  Electrons?  Neutrons?  How much does it weigh (mass number) Bellwork date:

76. Lets try a few… Hydrogen Helium How many outermost/valance electrons does each have? Why is Helium stable?

77. A Few More  Lithium  Nitrogen  Neon  Which ones are naturally stable?

78. Bellwork: Date:  Assume there are three isotopes of Fluorine: (this is bogus data)  [F-18 99.76%  F-19.04%  F-21.20%]  What would be it’s average atomic mass on the periodic chart? R=18.01 amu

79. Bellwork : Pre-Quiz Grab Bag  1) P=15 e - =18 N= 17 Isotopic name?  2) Stable ions these atoms… a) Al b) S  3) a) Define Mass number, b) atomic number, c) average atomic mass, d) isotope 4) How did Na +1 become an ion exactly? 5) Symbols for a) copper, b) manganese, c)arsenic? 6) Compare the numbers on PN and e- in Be-10 and Be-9. Which has a higher percent abundance ? 7) Family period of Magnesium? Other labels for it?

80. Ions  If an atom loses or gains electrons it is no longer called an atom…(why?)  Because it’s no longer neutral overall  It is called an Ion.  Are ions neutral?  No, never: they will always have either a + or – charge overall^

81. What is it?  8 P  10 e -  8 N  It’s oxygen  It’s an ion of Oxygen  8 + 10 - = -2 overall Symbol? Isotopic symbol? O -2 O -2 -16

82. Making a atom/ion sims  Sims Sims

83. A Few More  Lithium  Nitrogen  Neon  Which ones are naturally stable?

84. Write the symbol for the stable ion/atom.  potassium  phosphorus  krypton  sulfur  Barium

85. Periodic Trends…  Study the atoms/ions we have do so far and see if you can find any trends/patterns on the periodic chart.  What does the family tell you?  How many electrons are in the outermost energy level.  What does the period tell you?  How many energy levels it has

86. Examples of Becoming Stable…  an atom of aluminum will…  Lose 3 or gain 5?  Lose 3…  Al +3 This requires less energy than gaining 5... The way that loses/gains the FEWEST electrons will be the most likely way an atom becomes stable (like a noble gas).

87. Would the following ions be stable? Yes or NO (fix wrong ones) Al +3 Be -2 N -2 Na +1 P -2 Li -1