1. Introduction to International Relations International Security Prof. Jaechun Kim

2. Absence of War between Leading Powers The key question concerning ‘intl security’ is whether sustainable peace is possible… cf. Realism vs. Liberalism The key question concerning ‘intl security’ is whether sustainable peace is possible… cf. Realism vs. Liberalism The US, Japan, and Western Europe have formed “security community”… The US, Japan, and Western Europe have formed “security community”… What is “security community”? What is “security community”? The major concern of IR has been war and the possibility of war among the ‘great powers’  greatest discontinuity The major concern of IR has been war and the possibility of war among the ‘great powers’  greatest discontinuity But do you agree with this claim? But do you agree with this claim? This does not mean that there won’t be any conflicts between these leading countries… This does not mean that there won’t be any conflicts between these leading countries… Churchill: “People talked a lot of nonsense when they said nothing was ever settled by war. Nothing in history was ever settled except by war.” Churchill: “People talked a lot of nonsense when they said nothing was ever settled by war. Nothing in history was ever settled except by war.”

3. Explaining the Obsolescence of Major Wars Realist Explanations Realist Explanations Some realists are skeptical of this claim… Some realists are skeptical of this claim… Temporary deviation… Temporary deviation… American Hegemony (HST) American Hegemony (HST) Peace is the product of American hegemon Peace is the product of American hegemon Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons *MAD! *MAD!

4. Liberalist answers to obsolescence of interstate wars… Liberalist answers to obsolescence of interstate wars… Proliferation of Liberal Democracy Proliferation of Liberal Democracy Deepening of Economic Interdependence Deepening of Economic Interdependence Cobden: “Free Trade is God’s diplomacy and there is no other certain way of uniting people in bonds of peace.” Cobden: “Free Trade is God’s diplomacy and there is no other certain way of uniting people in bonds of peace.” Frederick Bastiat: “If goods cannot cross borders, armies will.” Frederick Bastiat: “If goods cannot cross borders, armies will.” MAED! MAED! Expansion of International Organizations and International Law Expansion of International Organizations and International Law

5. Constructivist answers? Constructivist answers? Role of ideas and changed identity… Role of ideas and changed identity… Through interactions and processes, that is, socialization, states came to adopt norms relating to sovereignty, territory, borders, and conquest…. States overcame security dilemma… states’ identities have changed… Through interactions and processes, that is, socialization, states came to adopt norms relating to sovereignty, territory, borders, and conquest…. States overcame security dilemma… states’ identities have changed… It became inter-subjective (shared) understanding…. It became inter-subjective (shared) understanding….

6. Changed Nature of International Security Today… How can we define “security”? How can we define “security”? Freedom from threats… Freedom from threats… Traditional concept of (international) security Traditional concept of (international) security Focus was on the security at the national level Focus was on the security at the national level Focus was on national security largely defined in military terms… that is, the military capabilities that states need to deal with the threats coming from outside… Why? Focus was on national security largely defined in military terms… that is, the military capabilities that states need to deal with the threats coming from outside… Why? Because of high frequency of interstate wars… Because of high frequency of interstate wars…

7. But many argue that wars between major industrialized countries are becoming a relic of the past… But many argue that wars between major industrialized countries are becoming a relic of the past… Frequency of interstate wars has decreased dramatically… Martin V. Creveld, Transformation of Warfare Frequency of interstate wars has decreased dramatically… Martin V. Creveld, Transformation of Warfare Although domestic armed conflicts and civil wars continue to increase… Although domestic armed conflicts and civil wars continue to increase… Warfare is becoming increasingly “communalized…” Warfare is becoming increasingly “communalized…” Individuals and groups are making wars… war- making entities are individuals and groups of individuals… Individuals and groups are making wars… war- making entities are individuals and groups of individuals… Wars = Crimes… Robert Kaplan, Coming Anarchy Wars = Crimes… Robert Kaplan, Coming Anarchy

8. Some of these new threats are “asymmetric threats”!! Some of these new threats are “asymmetric threats”!! Human Security (a new security concept!) Human Security (a new security concept!)

9. Human Security Growing obsolescence of interstate wars… rather, people feel insecure because of other reasons… Growing obsolescence of interstate wars… rather, people feel insecure because of other reasons… Now people feel insecure because of new types of threats such as… Now people feel insecure because of new types of threats such as… The process of Globalization brings in news risks and dangers. As globalization accelerates in the 21st century, such threats are internationalized…. Such threats are transnational in nature… The process of Globalization brings in news risks and dangers. As globalization accelerates in the 21st century, such threats are internationalized…. Such threats are transnational in nature…

10. These threats to security are largely outside the control of nation-states. These threats to security are largely outside the control of nation-states. They are not being sufficiently addressed through the traditional framework of national security… They are not being sufficiently addressed through the traditional framework of national security…

11. The origin of the concept goes back to the publication of the Human Development Report, issued by UNDP 1994, which argued that “ human security is not a concern with weapons, it is a concern with human life and dignity”. The origin of the concept goes back to the publication of the Human Development Report, issued by UNDP 1994, which argued that “ human security is not a concern with weapons, it is a concern with human life and dignity”. Since then, the concept has provoked intellectual debates as to what purpose it should serve and how… Since then, the concept has provoked intellectual debates as to what purpose it should serve and how… The concept underwent quite a few modifications… The concept underwent quite a few modifications…

12. New patterns of security threats of 2 1 st century Refugee Problem Environmental Degradation Intra-state Wars Drug Trafficking Intl Terrorism Organized Crime Transnational Disease Natural Disasters Under- Development; Failed Statehood

13. Several Characteristics of Human Security According to 1994 UNDP Report… According to 1994 UNDP Report… Focus has to be on the individual human beings, not on nation states… referent object is individual or group… Are we secure? Focus has to be on the individual human beings, not on nation states… referent object is individual or group… Are we secure? Human Security has the characteristic of universality just like Human Rights: it is applicable to individuals everywhere…equally… Human Security has the characteristic of universality just like Human Rights: it is applicable to individuals everywhere…equally…

14. According to 1994 UNDP Report, the concept is not limited to human survival; it includes the right of people to exercise choices safely and freely… and that they can be fairly confident that the opportunities they have today will not be lost tomorrow. According to 1994 UNDP Report, the concept is not limited to human survival; it includes the right of people to exercise choices safely and freely… and that they can be fairly confident that the opportunities they have today will not be lost tomorrow. Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression. Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression. Protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life - whether in homes, in jobs or communities. Such threats exist at all levels of national income and development. Protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life - whether in homes, in jobs or communities. Such threats exist at all levels of national income and development. Very overarching concept! Very overarching concept! States may well continue to invest in traditional defense, but they are not able to deal with new problems properly… States may well continue to invest in traditional defense, but they are not able to deal with new problems properly…

15. Tensions between the Schools of Human Security Tensions between the Schools of Human Security The Narrow School The Narrow School HS – ‘the protection of individuals and communities from war and other forms of violence’ (Human Security Center: 2005) HS – ‘the protection of individuals and communities from war and other forms of violence’ (Human Security Center: 2005) Freedom from Fear vs. Freedom from Want (cf. UNDP) Freedom from Fear vs. Freedom from Want (cf. UNDP) The role of state is still very important… The role of state is still very important… The Broad School The Broad School Freedom from Want (1994 UNDP Report) Freedom from Want (1994 UNDP Report)

16. Alkiri (2004: 360) – HS is “to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that advance human freedoms and human fulfillment.” Alkiri (2004: 360) – HS is “to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that advance human freedoms and human fulfillment.” Underdevelopment is real threat! Underdevelopment is real threat! Underdevelopment is source of violence Underdevelopment is source of violence Skeptical about the role of state… Skeptical about the role of state…

17. Evolution of HS (Human Security) Concept Evolution of HS (Human Security) Concept HS expanded the traditional concept of security horizontally and vertically… HS expanded the traditional concept of security horizontally and vertically… Horizontal dimension – issue areas: not just military security, but non military security as well… economic, environmental, educational,… etc. Horizontal dimension – issue areas: not just military security, but non military security as well… economic, environmental, educational,… etc. Vertical dimension – referent objects: no longer state, but groups, individuals, etc. Vertical dimension – referent objects: no longer state, but groups, individuals, etc.