2. M ILADY ’ S S TANDARD C OSMETOLOGY BASICS OF CHEMISTRY 7 Copyright © 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning,Inc. 1

3. L EARNING O BJECTIVES Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. Explain oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions Discuss the different forms of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures Explain the difference between solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Explain pH and the pH scale. 2

4. CHEMISTRY Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions. Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain carbon. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon. 3

5. MATTER A. _____________ Composed of a single part or unit Cannot be reduced to a simpler form 90 naturally occurring elements B. ____________ Smallest particle of an element C._____________ Elemental molecules Compound molecules 4

6. MATTER D.States of Matter Solids —have a definite shape, volume, and ________ (e.g., ice). _______________ —have volume and weight, but not a definite shape. (e.g., water) Gases —do not have a definite volume or ___________ (e.g., steam). Figure 7-3 5

7. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER A. Physical Properties Color Odor W_________ Density Specific gravity Melting _____________ Boiling _____________ Hardness B. Chemical Properties Determined by a chemical reaction and cause a ____________ change in the identity of the substance 6

8. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER C. Physical Change Changes the form without forming a new ____________ Figure 7-4 D.Chemical Change causes a _______ substance to be formed having properties different from the original. Figure 7-5 7

9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER E.Pure Substances Matter with fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties _____________ molecules _____________ compounds Figure 7-6 8

10. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER F.Physical Mixtures Ingredients that do _______ change their properties Solution Solute Solvent Miscible liquids (MIS-uh-bul) Immiscible liquids Suspension Emulsion Surfactants (sur-FAK-tants) oil-in-water emulsion (______) water-in-oil emulsion (______) 9

11. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER G.Other Physical Mixtures Ointments, ____________, pomades, _____________ waxes Powders H.Common Product Ingredients _________________ Alkanolamines (al-kan-oh-LAH-mynz) _________________ Glycerin Silicones Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Formaldehyde (formalin)*** 10

12. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER I.Potential Hydrogen (______) and Ions Ionization (eye-ahn-ih-ZAY-shun) Ion Anion (AN-eye-on) Cation (KAT-eye-un) J.Water & pH Hydrogen ion (H____) is acidic. Hydroxide ion (_____) is alkaline. 11

13. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER K.The pH Scale A scale of 0 to 14 7—a ___________ solution Below 7—an ________ solution Figure 7-11  Above 7—an ____________ solution  Pure water—pH of 7  Hair and skin—pH of ______ 12

14. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER L.Acids have a pH below 7.0. taste ________. turn litmus paper from blue to ________. contract and __________ hair. M. Alkalies (AL-kuh-lyz) are also called a ________. have a pH above ______.0. taste bitter. turn litmus paper from red to ________. feel slippery and soapy on the skin. soften and _______ hair. 13

15. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER N.Oxidation  Oxidation-reduction _____________ reactions  Exothermic (ek-soh-THUR-mik)  Combustion O.Reduction Reactions O____________n R____________n Oxidizing A_________t P.Redox ( red uction and ox idation) reactions 14

16. CHEMISTRY SUMMARY The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions is called____________________. _____________ is anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as either a solid, liquid, or gas. Matter can be changed either ______________ or ______________. 15