1. SOCIETY PEOPLE WHO INTERACT IN A DEFINED TERRITORY AND SHARE CULTURE

2. Visions Of Society What Accounts For Social Change And Evolution? Four distinct views Gerhard Lenski Society and technology Karl Marx Society in conflict Max Weber The power of ideas shapes society Emile Durkheim How traditional and modern societies hang together Sociology, Eleventh Edition

3. Lenski Importance of technology and its revolutionary consequences for social life Sociocultural Evolution - the changes that occur as a society acquires new technology More tech info – faster change From hunting and gathering to postindustrial Simple tech – support small number of ppl, resemble one another Complex tech – support large number of ppl, culturally diverse

4. Lenski’s Five Types of Societies Hunting and gathering The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation Horticultural & pastoral Horticultural – the use of hand tools to raise crops Pastoral – the domestication of animals Agricultural Large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources Industrial The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery Postindustrial Technology that supports an information-based economy

5. Changes over time Technology Primitive weapons, hand tools, animals, advanced sources of energy, computers Size Dozens, hundreds, millions Settlement pattern Nomadic, small settlements, small cities emerge, cities contain most of population, concentration of population in cities Social organization Family centered, little specialization, little inequality Enter religion, increased specialization and inequality Family loses importance as religious, political, and economic systems emerge, increased specialization and inequality Distinct religious, political, economic, educational, and family systems, highly specialized, inequality persists Very similar to previous, info processing and service replacing industrial production

6. Marx Social Conflict – struggle between segments of society over valued resources Capitalists – people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits Proletariat – people who sell their productive labor for wages Social institutions – all the major spheres of social life, or societal subsystems organized to meet human needs Infrastructure – society’s economic system (tech and social relationships) Superstructure – other social institutions, values, ideas Sociology, Eleventh Edition

7. Marx history of all existing society is history of class conflict – conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power false consciousness – explanation of social problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than the flaws of society class consciousness – workers’ recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and, ultimately, to capitalism itself workers rise up and destroy capitalism in socialist revolution Sociology, Eleventh Edition

8. Capitalism & Alienation Alienation – the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness Capitalism alienates workers in four specific ways From act of working no say in production, tedious, repetitive work From products of work no ownership in product, it’s sold for profit From other workers competition > cooperation From human potential workers deny, not fulfill themselves in their work p101 Sociology, Eleventh Edition

9. (1864-1920) Max Weber (1864-1920) & Rationalization Beliefs and values key to understanding society Human ideas shape society Societies differ based on how members think about world Rationalization of society – Weber’s term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought Tradition – sentiments and beliefs passed from generation to generation Guided by past VS. Rationality – deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task Think/act based on present and future consequences Industrial Revolution and capitalism surge in rationality Acceptance of technology indicates level of rationality Global perspective – map next slide Ideal type – abstract statement of essential characteristics of any social phenomenon

10. Global Map 7-1 (p. 176) Internet Users in Global Perspective

11. Rational Social Organization 1. Distinctive social institutions Family centered vs various and separate institutions 2. Large-scale organizations Political officials, Catholic church, federal government 3. Specialized tasks Wide range of occupations/specialized jobs 4. Personal discipline Self-discipline encouraged by achievement, success, and efficiency 5. Awareness of time Sun and seasons vs schedules by the minute and time is money 6. Technical competence Who one is, joined by kinship vs what one is, skills and abilities 7. Impersonality Individuals concerned with one another vs specialists concerned with tasks, devalue emotion What are the roles of tradition and rationality in today’s society?

12. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) Society and Function Patterns of behavior (incl. norms, values, beliefs) exist as established structures/social facts with objective reality Society larger than us and has power to guide thoughts and actions Created by ppl, takes on life of its own, demands obedience Social facts help society as a whole operate Crime – pain and loss vs construct and defend morality which gives purpose/meaning to life Personality/humanity (how we think, act, feel) drawn from society (nurture) and regulated through moral discipline Can be overpowered by own desires – need for societal regulation Least regulated highest suicide rates (young, rich, famous)

13. Durkheim (1858-1917) Traditional Modern Anomie – condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals Individuals desires must be balanced by guidance of society Breakdown of standards and values Key to change (below) is expanding division of labor – specialization of economic activity Mechanical solidarity – social bonds based on common sentiment and shared moral value that are common among members of preindustrial societies Automatic sense of belonging together, rooted in similarity Organic solidarity – social bonds based on specialization and interdependence that are strong among members of industrial societies Rooted in differences who find specialized work makes them rely on one another

14. Is society getting better or worse? Read excerpt and respond thoughtfully with your answer. Be sure to provide your reasoning. What do the theorists think? Criticized tendency twd individualism Marx – capitalism elevates money to godlike status and fosters culture of selfishness Weber – spirit of rationality erodes traditional ties of kinship and neighborhood while expanding bureaucracy, which manipulates and isolates ppl Durkheim – little moral framework with which to judge right and wrong

15. GROUPS Two or more people who identify and interact with one another ORGANIZATIONS Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently &

16. Networks Complete questions 1. Web of weak social ties; “fuzzy” group containing ppl who come into occasional contact but who lack a sense of boundaries and belonging 2. ppl we know of or who know of us but with whom we interact rarely, if at all 3. for immigrants seeking to become established in a new community, business ppl seeking to expand operations, anyone looking for a job “It’s not what you know, but who you know” 4. ppl’s colleges, clubs, neighborhoods, political parties, and personal interests

17. Networks 5. more privileged categories - wealth, power, prestige; ex – whites; social relations that have productive benefits, expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups 6. young, well-educated, living in large cities 7. women – more relatives and women, not as much clout (pull, influence); men – more co-workers and other men 8. run country after atomic attack - communication system to link country with no central headquarters, no one in charge, no main power switch 9. it’s freedom 10. answers vary – parental controls, blocked sites, non-disclosed email addresses, blocked/approved senders, etc

18. Formal Organizations Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently Exs – business corporations, government agencies Operate in a deliberate way relations less personal foster formal, planned atmosphere Utilitarian – pays ppl for efforts Those that work for income Usually by choice, but must join to make living Normative / voluntary – pursue morally worthwhile goal Community service groups (i.e. league of women voters, red cross) Coercive – involuntary membership Prison, psychiatric hospitals Ex of all three

19. Bureaucracy Organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently Telephone system ex – organizational ability to keep track of details of every call Examine the handout. Using p174-175, provide a specific example of how each of the elements of ideal bureaucratic organization are illustrated. TBA bridge Flow Chart 10-11.doc Weber’s six elements of ideal bureaucracy Specialization Hierarchy of offices Rules and regulations Technical competence Impersonality Formal, written communication

20. Bureaucracy Problems of bureaucracy Bureaucratic alienation Dehumanize ppl it’s supposed to serve Impersonality fosters efficiency, but ignores personal needs “small cog in a ceaselessly moving mechanism” Bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism Failure to perform New computer ex Red tape – preoccupation with organizational routine and procedures FEMA (federal emergency management agency) and hurricane fire fighters ex http://youtu.be/1dMw3r_Y1Xw - dmv http://youtu.be/1dMw3r_Y1Xw Bureaucratic inertia Tendency of bureaucracies to perpetuate themselves Redefine goals Dept of Agriculture ex – all counties, 1 in 7 w/ farms, nutrition environment

21. Challenges to Formal Organizations Race and gender Patterns of exclusion – women and minorities, see next slide What are the effects on on-the-job performance? Female advantage Management skills that women have that strengthen organizations? Info focus – more readily ask questions (vs image focus), greater value on communication skills, share info, more flexible, give employees more autonomy, emphasize interconnectedness Japanese model Cooperation and organizational loyalty Will complete Japanese vs US model questions Changing nature of work Information based Creative autonomy, competitive work teams, flatter organization (two slides ahead), greater flexibility

22. Figure 7-3 (p. 183 11 th ed) U.S. Managers in Private Industry by Race, Sex, and Ethnicity, 2003 Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2005) and U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2005).

23. Figure 7-4 (p. 185) Two Organizational Models The conventional model of bureaucratic organizations has a pyramid shape, with a clear chain of command. Orders flow from the top down, and reports of performance flow from the bottom up. Such organizations have extensive rules and regulations, and their workers have highly specialized jobs. More open and flexible organizations have a flatter shape, more like a football. With fewer levels in the hierarchy, responsibility for generating ideas and making decisions is shared throughout the organization. Many workers do their jobs in teams and have a broad knowledge of the entire organization’s operation.

24. “McDonaldization” of Society We model many aspects of life on this chain Limit creativity, choice, and freedom 1. Efficiency Attitude that anything done quickly is, for that reason alone, good 2. Calculability Mass produced according to uniform standards, standardized 3. Uniformity and Predictability Same product, same preparation 4. Control through automation Automated equipment to eliminate unreliable human element

25. Leadership (Decision-Making) Styles Authoritarian – focus on instrumental concerns, takes charge of decision-making, demands orders are obeyed Little affection from group, appreciated in crisis Democratic – more expressive, makes point to include members in decision-making Less success in crises, creative solutions Laissez-faire – allows group to function more or less on its own Typically least effective in promoting group goals

26. Group Leadership What are the characteristics of a good leader? http://youtu.be/5L8Em5vU0FU http://youtu.be/rcfcTzOgV2w Instrumental leadership – group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks Make plans, give orders, get things done Focus on performance Usually formal secondary relationships More respect from members Expressive leadership – group leadership that focuses on the group’s well-being Raise group morale, minimize tension and conflict More personal primary ties More personal affection from members

27. Social Groups Two or more ppl who identify with and interact with one another Category – strangers who share status Crowd – loosely formed collection of ppl in one place

28. Group Size Use pages 168-169 to complete the worksheet Dyad – social group with two members Typically more intense, no shared attention, vulnerable Marriages, close friendships Triad – social group with three members More stable w/ presence of mediator, chance of pairing up or intensifying relationships Seeking counselor, “two’s company, three’s a crowd” Increase in group size More stable and capable of loss of members Reduction in intense personal interaction Based less on personal attachment, more on rules and regs

29. Social Diversity: Race, Class, Gender Large groups turn inward International student ex Heterogeneous groups turn outward More internally diverse, more likely to interact with outsiders Social equality promotes contact Whether groups interact depends on social hierarchy Physical boundaries create social boundaries Dorm, dining area ex

30. Social Groups Primary group – small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships Primary relationships – a lot of time together, wide range of activities, feel they know each other well, show concern for one another, group as an end, bound by emotion and loyalty, who they are – personal orientation Family most important Secondary group – large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity Secondary relationships – weak emotional ties, little personal knowledge of one another, exist for short time, what they are – goal orientation Students in college course, co-workers How are you?

31. Group Conformity Solomon Asch (1952) http://youtu.be/TYIh4MkcfJA - Asch, 411 http://youtu.be/TYIh4MkcfJA http://youtu.be/OC_JfCWYnTQ - elevator, 214 http://youtu.be/OC_JfCWYnTQ Stanley Milgram (1963, 1965) http://youtu.be/8olVHKgIBXc - original, start at 130, 829 http://youtu.be/8olVHKgIBXc http://youtu.be/HwqNP9HRy7Y - primetime abc, 550 http://youtu.be/HwqNP9HRy7Y Irving Janis (1972, 1989) http://youtu.be/qYpbStMyz_I - Challenger, 302 http://youtu.be/qYpbStMyz_I

33. Reference Groups How do we assess our own attitudes and behaviors? Social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions Imagine response of group Can be primary, secondary, or groups to which we don’t belong Examples Samuel Stouffer (1949) – WWII, soldier chances of promotion Lower rates – more optimistic and vice versa Dressing for a job interview Employee reaction to vacation policy Family’s reaction to who you’re dating

34. Ingroups and Outgroups Ingroup – a social group commanding a member’s esteem and loyalty Activist groups, fraternities, high school cliques Outgroup - a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition Exs above twd one another “we” have valued traits that “they” lack Read the article and answer the questions at the bottom on a piece of paper A class divided http://youtu.be/yBAYiBoy43M - mean girls trailer, 231 http://youtu.be/yBAYiBoy43M