1. 1945-1980

3. Yugoslavia followed communism but not as a direct influence from Moscow. Tito was the leader of the Communist party since 1937 and became leaded of the new republic in 1945. Tito followed a different path of communism compared to Stalin and relations between the two deteriorated until they came to a head in 1948 – Yugoslavia was expelled from Cominfom Yugoslavia continued to thrive even without Soviet support

4. East Germany Revolt 1953 Hungarian Revolt 1956 Polish Revolt 1956

5. Measures were taken in Czechoslovakia in order to modernize the country and give people more personal freedoms. Censorship was even abolished and criticism of the government was encouraged. USSR’s Response? Brezhnev became increasingly worried and resumed to force in order to end the “Prague Spring.” He invaded Czechoslovakia and installed a new government. Pg. 202 Source Analysis

6. Fueled by poverty and food shortages, shipyard workers went on strike lead by Lech Walesa – they were successful in securing economic and political rights including the right to form free trade unions – Solidarity. The USSR started to feel threatened by the movement, but the Polish president promised to restore order without Soviet help. Solidarity was banned and martial law (the exercise of government and control by military authorities over the civilian population of a designated territory) declared in the country.

7. Brezhnev Doctrine – released in November 1968 affirming the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of Communist countries to strengthen Communism. In 1978 the PDP of Afghanistan seized power. However, pro-Muslim groups were highly against this organization and their liberal policies and their seize power in a military coup in 1979 The Muslim group initially received support from the Soviet bloc but as rumors of them cooperating with the CIA led Brezhnev to intervene militarily and replace the former ruler with a pro-Soviet (Kamal).

8. They saw the invasion as an expansionist move; trying to expand their sphere of influence. Carter Doctrine – pledged US intervention in the Persian Golf if the Soviets threatened its interests there The Carter National Team decided to provide the Islamic Group with weapons – R. Reagan further expended on the amount of military aid and soldiers provided to fight this ‘proxy’ war

9. The Cold War came to and end unexpectedly and with no signs of violence. The man who the collapse of the Soviet Block is attributed to is Mikhail Gorbachev He introduced two important concepts: - perestroika (restructuring) - glasnost (openness) Gorbachev saw the necessity in cutting down spending on military and weapons and focusing on domestic problems. Following the Chernobyl disaster the dangers of nuclear weapons become more apparent.

10. Many historians believe that this success should be attributed to Reagan and not only to Gorbachev’s liberal policies and cooperation with the West. See sources on page 212

12. By the death of Brezhnev in 1982 both the political and economic policies of the Soviet Union were in crisis. During the Brezhnev era, the USSR reached parity with the USA in the nuclear field and even surpassed it but that came at a very high price. The USSR was still following the model of a “command economy” inherited from Stalin. Worker’s morale was low and production was stagnating. Gorbachev inherited an economy in a very poor state and domestic and foreign reform was a must.

13. See page 214 for chronological events Events in Poland Solidarity, the popular union movement has been suppressed since 1981 but resurfaced and legalized in 1988 due to Gorbachev’s policies. In 1989 they won in the first free elections, and Walesa became PM. The Communist Party was defeated and without support from the USSR they were able to maintain their power and control over the population.

14. Honecker, the leader of the GDR and a strong Communist had been holding power since 1971. He was highly disliked by the population and his insecurities drove him to keep a close look on his population – created the Stasi (Secret Police) Taking advantage of the fall of Communism in Hungary and the newly opened borders hundreds of East Berliners fled to West Berlin. Lacking support from the USSR, GDR relaxed their strict immigration policies and the people of E Berlin took advantage of the ambiguity and stormed the checkpoints. In 1990 free elections were finally help and the two Germanys finally united.

15. Velvet Revolution – communism fell with no violence

16. Communism in Romania started in 1947 to 1964 with Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. Nicolae Ceausescu takes over in 1964 until his death in 1989. Ceaușescu's regime became increasingly brutal and repressive. By some accounts, his rule was the most rigidly Stalinist in the Soviet bloc. His secret police, the Securitate, was one of the most brutal secret police forces in the world.

18. At Buckingham Palace with queen Elizabeth II in 1978 In North Korea with Kim II-sung in 1971

19. Political freedom was not allowed in Romania during the communist regime. Neither was freedom for press or speech. The television programme lasted only 2 hours every day and was full of political propaganda. The history was falsified in schools and newspapers. Even the classic Romanian writers were forbidden. The economic situation was getting worse and worse. A system of fake reporting was developed in the economy. In the real life people were faced with a shortage of many products. Electricity was also cut off quite often, for saving reasons.

20. An effective way of keeping control of the society was through jobs. Any person who wanted a good job had to be a Communist Party member. As a result, many people joined the Communist Party for opportunistic reasons, without believing in the communist ideology When elections were organized, the official results were that the government received 99% of the votes.

21. In 1981 Ceaușescu began an austerity program designed to enable Romania to liquidate its entire national debt ($10 billion). To achieve this, many basic goods—including gas, heat and food—were rationed, which drastically reduced the standard of living and increased malnutrition. The infant mortality rate also grew to be the highest in Europe Secret Police – Securitate Construction of the People’s Palace

23. When Gorbachev started the liberalisation politics in the Soviet Union, the Romanian mass media did not even mention about it. The Romanian newspapers were acting as nothing special was happening in the Soviet Union. In the border regions like Timisoara (a city near the Hungarian and Yugoslavian borders) people were watching the TV programmes of the neighboring countries. In Timisoara, the Yugoslavian and Hungarian programmes were very popular and they provided information about the political situation in communist countries. In 1989 the wind of change started to blow in all Eastern Europe. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, Bulgaria allowed the right of people to choose their rulers through democratic elections. It was obvious that the Soviet Army was no longer a danger for democratic changes.

24. The Romanian Revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the show trial and execution of longtime Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, and the end of 42 years of Communist rule in Romania.

25. The last Communist country in Eastern Europe finally came to an end on Christmas Day in 1989 when the Ceausescu’s were captured attempting to flee the country and shot on national television by the firing squad after a swift trial. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD-XNTVgDW0