2. The United States Supreme Court Article 3 of the US Constitution The U.S.S.C. interprets the Constitution and the Law How did the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall’s leadership change American leadership change American Government? Government?

3. Landmark Supreme Court Decisions during the Marshall Years. Three key court cases include: Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden

4. The United States Supreme Court under John Marshall (Marshall served as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835) What is the term of office for a Federal Judge (Article 3), and why is it different than the tenure of office for the other two branches of government? -A Federal Judge’s term of office is Retire/Expire -The Framers of the Constitution wanted to insulate Judges from politics in order to make sure that Judges would focus on the law and not popular appeal.

5. Marbury v. Madison (1803) John Adams’ Midnight Appointments Adams, as a lame duck president, appointed several new judges on the eve of Jefferson’s inauguration The most famous appointment was John Marshall to Chief Justice. William Marbury was appointed to a lower federal court. Marbury’s appointment was not delivered before the change of presidential administration. The new Jefferson administration refused to honor the appointment. Marbury appealed to the S.C. to secure his judgeship.

6. John Adams’ Midnight Appointments Marbury believed that CJ Marshall would grant him the judgeship because they were both federalists. Jefferson refused to grant the judgeship regardless of what the SC said. Fearing a constitutional crisis, Marshall sacrificed Marbury and carved out a new power for the Supreme Court. Marshall & the SC declared the portion of the law that granted Marbury his judgeship UNCONSTITIONAL, Marbury was denied his judgeship, but the SC gained the power of JUDICIAL REVIEW

7. It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is…Thus the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void… John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison

8. McCulloch v Maryland The state of Maryland attempted to tax a federal bank. At issue in this case was the supremacy of the federal government v States Rights. The Court nullified Maryland’s state law & established the supremacy of the federal government.

9. Gibbons v Ogden At issue in this case was whether or not the State of New York had the legal authority to grant one steamship company a contract on an interstate waterway. The Court clarified Federal authority over interstate commerce when it nullified New York State’s law. Federal law is Supreme over State Law.

10. Conclusion How did the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall’s leadership change American Government? The Marshall court established the power of Judicial Review (Unwritten Constitution) Strengthened the Supreme Court (Checks & balances-Declaring laws unconstitutional) Strengthened the power of the Federal Government over the States (Federal Supremacy)

11. Conclusion The Marshall Court had a great impact on American society. Under Marshall the Supreme Court strengthened the authority of the Federal Government as well as the power of the Supreme Court. The Marshall Court had a great impact on American society. Under Marshall the Supreme Court strengthened the authority of the Federal Government as well as the power of the Supreme Court.