1. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: 1.Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] 2.Arms Race [nuclear escalation] 3.Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” 4.Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

2. The Division of Berlin

3. The Bipolarization of Europe

4. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals Means Actual Application 1.Restoration of the balance of power 2.Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power. Encouragement of self- confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia]

5. 3.Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences. Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals Means Actual Application

6. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

7. Korean War [1950-1953]

8. Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

9. The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]

10. Taft-Hartley In 1947, the Conservative Congress passed Taft-Hartley Act, a blow to labor –Banned the “closed-shop” –Made unions liable for damages in disputes among themselves –Union leaders ahd to sign a anti-communist oath Taft-Hartley was aimed to slow union growth, especially in the growing South and Southwest In the 1950’s, union membership peaked, and started a slow decline from that point forward

11. Government Policies to Help Economy Employment Act of 1946 –Promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill) –Send soldiers to school 8 million advanced education at Uncle Sam’s expense, 2 million of which went to schools of higher learning. 14.5 billion spent in total –Veteran’s Administration (VA) 16 billion in loans to buy homes, farms, and small businesses. –GI Bill helped educate a workforce and spur a rebound in the construction industry

12. Financed by the federal government, thousands of World War II veterans crowded into college classrooms in the 1940s. Here a fresh crop of ex-soldier students lays in supplies for the new term. The GI Bill © Bettmann/ CORBIS

13. Economic Miracle Starting around 1950, the American economy rebounded at astounding rates. –2 decades of growth –In the 1950’s national income doubled –In the 1960’s, it doubled again –Americans, only 6% of the world population, had an astonishing 40% of the world’s wealth

14. Middle Class America In the 1950’s 60% of Americans were considered middle class. This allowed for the consumer industry to flourish: –90% owned a TV –Majority owned their own cars and washer machines –By 1960, 60% of Americans owned their own homes Women Benefit –Urban shops and offices allowed women to enter the workforce, especially as the service sector of the economy grew. –But, their still was pressure for women to maintain the traditional role of housewife and mother, but with the increased opportunities in the workplace, this leads to a clash and the feminist movement in the 60’s.

15. Coca- Colonizing the World American consumerism-- and American products--flooded over the globe after World War II, as this 1950 cover from Time magazine illustrates. ©1950 Time, Inc./ Getty Images

16. Gross national product (GNP) was used before 1960. It includes income from overseas investment and excludes profits generated in the United States but accruing to foreign accounts. Gross domestic product (GDP), used thereafter, excludes overseas profits owed to American accounts but includes the value of all items originating in the United States, regardless of the destination of the profits. Until recent years those factors made for negligible differences in the calculation of national and domestic product, but most economists now prefer the latter approach. National Defense Budget, 1940–2003 Sources: Congressional Budget Office, Historical Tables, and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.

17. States with figures higher than 91 percent were growing faster than the national average between 1950 and 2002. Note that much of the growth was in the “Sunbelt,” a loose geographical concept, as some Deep South states had very little population growth, whereas the mountain and Pacific states were booming. Distribution of Population Increase, 1950–2002 Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.

18. Suburbia Rise of the Suburbs: –Many middle class white Americans fled to the Suburbs starting around 1950. Commonly known as White Flight –Government pl\policies also contributed to White Flight FHA and VA house loans made it attractive to own in a suburb as opposed to renting in the city Tax deductions for loan interest Government built highways made it accessible to live in suburbs but work in the city. By 1960, 1 in 4 Americans lived in the suburbs and by 2000, 50%$ of all Americans lived in the suburbs.

19. Aerial View of the On- ramps to a Typical New Interstate Highway, 1950s The growth of cities and the ever-increasing number of cars on the roads led dense metropolitan areas to re-envision traffic management and, by extension, greatly alter the nature of the American city. Harold Lambert/ Getty Images

20. Part of the rapidly growing automotive culture of 1950s America, new destinations sprang up like drive-thru restaurants, drive-in movies, roadside shopping malls, and interstate-side motels for the new family vacation. Drive-in Café in Los Angeles, the Mother and Model of All Suburbias Slim Aarons/ Getty Images

21. Moving to the Suburbs After World War II, Americans by the millions moved to suburban housing developments like this one. Although criticized for their architectural monotony and cultural barrenness, the suburbs provided inexpensive and spacious housing for growing families seeking to escape the crowded confines of the cities. J. R. Eyerman/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images

22. Baby Boomers Decade and a half after 1945 saw a huge increase in the birthrate. –By end of the 1950’s, there was an astonishing 50 million new babies born. Economically speaking, the baby boomers were important. –Market for canned and baby foods and toys in the 1950’s –60’s spent billion of dollars on cloths, music, and other goods. –70’s, enter workforce and changing purchasing trends –80’s competed for jobs and started raising families, spurring more spending. –90’s send children to school and start to see grandchildren, creating more spending. –Now, looking to retire and this has a burden on social security.

23. Breton Woods IN 1944, Western Allies met in Breton Woods, New Hampshire –Established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. –Founded the World Bank too. Goal was to promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas. –Unlike end of World War I, the U.S participated in these worldwide organizations, and also financially supported them.

24. United Nations Fifty nations and their representatives met in San Francisco April 25, 1945 to fashion the UN charter. Differed from League of Nations in many ways: –Security Council developed (Great Britain, U.S., France, China, and USSR) and stated no action taken against it without its approval. –U.N. also had an Assembly that allowed small countries to have power. –Permanently housed in New York City. –In early days, worked well in Kashmir and Iran. –Former colonies got independence –Helped create world organizations of UNESCO, FAO, and WHO –UN failed in terms of atomic bomb though

25. Where To? 1947 A satirical view of the Truman Doctrine. Richmond Times-Dispatch

26. The Marshall Plan Turns Enemies into Friends The poster in this 1950 photograph in Berlin reads, “Berlin Rebuilt with Help from the Marshall Plan.”

27. United States Foreign Aid, Military and Economic, 1945– 1954 Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. Marshall Plan aid swelled the outlay for Europe. Note the emphasis on the “developed” world, with relatively little aid going to what are now called “Third World” countries.

28. American Motor of the Latest Type Soviet Magazine, Krokodil In this Russian view, the conquering Truman uses U.S. moneybags to induce dollar-hungry European nations to draw the U.S. capitalistic chariot.

29. Reaching Across the Atlantic in Peacetime, 1948 The Granger Collection When the United States joined with the Western European powers in the North Atlantic Alliance, soon to be called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it overcame its historic isolationism in the wake of wars. By 1955 former enemy West Germany would be admitted to NATO to help defend Western Europe against Soviet aggression.

30. 1948 Election Truman for Democrats Dewey for the Republicans Wallace for Progressives J. Strom Thurmond for State Rightists

31. 1948 Election With Dewey in drivers seat with the Democratic Party ruptured three ways and public opinion polls in his favor, Truman took to the campaign trail. Truman made over 300 give-em hell speeches: –Spoke out against Taft-Hartley, Do-Nothing republicans –Whipped up support for civil rights programs, improved labor benefits, and health insurance –His speeches worked and on election night Truman stole victory from Dewey.

32. 1948 Election

33. Point Four and Fair Deal Point Four: –Give financial aid and support to underdeveloped countries to help them prevent a rise in communism –Basically the idea of giving money up front to prevent communism so you did not have to spend much more later shooting them. –Helped impoverished areas of the world in Latin America, Africa, Near and Far East.

34. Point Four and Fair Deal Fair Deal: –Designed to do the following: Increase minimum wage Improve housing Full employment New TVA’s Extension of Social Security Better farm price supports –But, a conservative Congress and lack of support from Southern Democrats meant only minimum wage, support for public housing (Housing Act of 1949), and Social Security changed (Social Security Act of 1950)