2. The Urinary System Chapter 27

3. The Urinary system Anatomy

4. Functions Functions : 1.Excretion 1.Excretion – toxins and wastes filtered from blood. 2.Blood volume control 2.Blood volume control – water reabsorption. 3.Ion concentration regulation 3.Ion concentration regulation – Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate and sulfate ions.

5. pH regulation 4. pH regulation – pH 7.4 +/- 0.05. Regulate slower than the respiratory system. 6. Vitamin D synthesis – Precursor modified to active Vitamin D molecule. Erythrocyte production 5. Erythrocyte production – Erythropoetin production stimulates red bone marrow.

6. I.Kidneys – Pair 1. Location – deep and inferior to dorsal floating ribs. Retroperitonea 2. Retroperitoneal – “Behind the peritoneum.”

7. Renal 3. Renal – “kidney” Renal capsule Renal capsule – Thick adipose layer for protection. 4. Kidney Anatomy: Know anatomy of urinary system.

8. The lighter outer cortex and the darker medulla, with the renal pyramids into which the collecting ducts coalesce and drain into the calyces and central pelvis.

9. Figure 26.4a, b

10. Cortex Medulla

11. ------------Renal Capsule ------------Cortex \ __ ______________ /---  Medulla | - -------------- Hilum \___ ------Renal artery & vein ---------------Renal Pyramid

12. A closer look – millions of nephrons make up the cortex.

13. Renal Corpuscle Know these diagrams diagrams and physiology and physiology.

14. Know and understand the physiology of the nephron.. How a nephron works – click here! Click here! Please!

17. -“How the Kidney Works” packet due first thing tomorrow morning, seat check. -Prepare to Sketch the Nephron and glomerulus tomorrow -Wednesday Kidney dissection lab (No flip flops or open-toed shoes or shorts.) -JOB SHADOW JOURNAL DUE 15 APRIL 2016 -Jigsaw (Urinary Health) presentations assigned tomorrow and must be ready to teach small group Tuesday. Juniors taking the ACT Tuesday should read up on the four disorders for the test.

18. Practice, Practice, Practice! Starting to make sense yet?

19. 1.Inferior Vena Cava 2.Descending Aorta 3. Cortex of Kidney 4. Medulla of Kidney 5. Renal Pelvis 6. Renal artery & vein 7. Urethra 8/9. Bladder & bladder wall 10. Ureter 11. Adrenal gland

21. Cortex Renal _______ Pyramid Renal Pelvis Renal Calyx Ureter Medulla

22. Inferior Vena Cava Hilum Ureter_____ Urinary bladder_____ Descending Aorta Adrenal gland Kidney Renal Vein Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

23. Urinary bladder has two ways in which it lets the brain know its “gotta go!” 1.Stretch receptors – when the bladder is full. 2.Chemoreceptors – when urine is too concentrated and/or very toxic.

25. What is the “functional unit” of the kidney? NEPHRON

26. The act of emptying the urinary bladder is properly termed: MIC TUR ITION The micturition reflex explained

27. The term for anything relating to the kidney (____disease or ____ failure) RENAL

28. The glomerulus and bowman’s capsule collectively are called: RENAL CORPUSCLE

29. Which part of the nephron does FILTRATION take place? BOWMAN’S CAPSULE or RENAL Corpuscle

30. Where does the process of “Reabsorption” take place most? Proximal convoluted tubule

31. Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water? The Ascending Loop of Henle

32. Which ion affects osmotic pressure the most? Sodium (Na+)

33. Which of the following is NOT normal in urine? Urea Uric acid Water Protein Creatinine Protein

34. What part of the urinary system is more functional in males than females, and keeps sperm from entering the bladder? Internal Urinary sphincter

35. Nephrons which are mainly in the outer portion of the kidney are termed: CORTICAL NEPHRONS

36. Nephrons that protrude long into the middle portion of the kidney are termed: Juxtamedullary nephrons

37. The Kidneys are located in what part of the body cavity? RETROPERITONEAL

39. Caffeine and alcohol act on the kidneys and are examples of: Diuretics

40. A patient presents with high urine output; yet, states he has cut caffeinated drinks out of his diet. You perform a test and find no glucose in his urine. What disorder does he most likely have? Diabetes insipidus

41. If a physicians tells you that there is protein in your urine, and you have had a chronic bladder infection, what could be wrong with your kidney? Glomerulonephritis (Swelling of the renal corpuscle)

44. Juxtaglomerular apparatus detects low blood pressure, giving off RENIN which acts upon the liver and triggers the ANGIOTENSIN cascade, telling the ADRENAL gland to release ALDOSTERONE which increase Na+ reabsorption in the blood.

45. Low BP detected by juxtaglomerular apparatus  RENIN given off,  Angiotensinogen AA ngiontensin 1  Angiotensin 2  tells ADRENAL gland to produce ALDOSTERONE  Aldosterone has nephron put more Na+ back in blood  Where Na+ goes, H 2 O follows, to keep BP from falling more.

46. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus affects glucose storage via insulin. Blood glucose levels become very high and glucose reabsorption from the nephron to the blood is not complete.

47. Diabetes insipidus and mellitus make a person very thirsty….why? Homeostasis requires intake of H 2 O and ions to equal their elimination – 1. THIRST is regulated by hypothalamus:  b b b blood concentrations  b b b blood pressure  “ “ “ “cotton” mouth (mucosal) 2. Na+ - Regulated by kidney and hormones Aldosterone and ANH. 3. K+ - Narrow range. Aldosterone helps regulate it.

48. 4. Ca ++ - Narrow range concentration.  Parathyroid gland affects reabsorption from nephrons and osteoclast activity by PTH. “ ““ “PTH spits out Ca”  C Calcitonin (Calcium in bone) slows osteoclast activity when Ca ++ levels are good. 5. PO 4 - and SO 4 - - Normally reabsorbed actively.

49. Hormone Regulators: 1.A ldosterone – secreted from Adrenal gland in response to Renin-Angiotensis cascade as juxtaglomerular apparatus in kidney detects low blood pressure. Stimulates Na + and H 2 O reabsorption. 2. ANH – (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone) Right Atrium of heart detects h hh high blood pressure and releases ANH to increase Na + and H2O secretion to urine. 3. ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) from posterior pituitary gland as low BP and high blood concentration detected. DCT and Collecting duct reabsorb H 2 O and Na + back to blood.

51. Study and Know your Nephron! MIC – –TUR– –ITION