1. SEMINAR 0N IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF EXOTIC VEGETABLE IN INDIA SPEAKER : Nisha Sharma (H–10–55–M)

2.  Anything of foreign origin, something not of native growth,as a plant is called exotic.  Exotic vegetable are the species introduced to a country or location.

3.  Globally important source of cash income for small holders in West and Central Africa and in Asia. (www.avrdc.org) (www.avrdc.org)www.avrdc.org  A research was conducted on economic analysis of EV production in Nigeria. Result shown that EV farming is a profitable venture and become source of livelihood to the farmars and contributing significantly to food security in country. (Badmus and Yekinni, 2011) (Badmus and Yekinni, 2011) Introduction

4.  In India Maharashtra, alone could be accounting half of the production of EV. Some district of Maharashtra like Pune, Nasik & Satara now growing Asparagus and broccoli. (www.freshplaza.com)  Many private companies like Siddesh English EV, W- Mumbai, PMS Agrotech trading company, Nagpur,, Indogreen nature farm pvt.ltd, Bangalore involve in export of EV cherry tomato, leek, lettuce, red cabbage & baby corn. (www.mealsupplier.com)  In HP cultivation of EV like asparagus, broccoli, lettuce, leek, chinese cabbage, snow pea, and parsley start picking up in Theog, Matyana, Saproon Valley, Sirmour, Katrain, Manali, Narkanda & Sanj Valley. ( www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com,feb2011) ( www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com,feb2011)

5. IMPORTANCE OF EXOTIC VEGETABLE

6. 1.Exotic vegetables as economic source :  Exotic vegetables are globally important, and a source of cash income for small holders  Public and private sector partners supplies adequate seeds of adapted lines to small holder farmers at reasonable prices  In many developing countries, only old and often poorly adapted varieties of exotic vegetables are locally available

7.  Vegetables not only provide essential micronutrients but also contain a range of health- promoting phytochemicals.  These can prevent nutritional deficiencies and reduce the risk of obesity and chronic disease including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.  Correct cooking methods can improve the nutritional value of vegetables by retaining the micronutrients after food preparation. 2. Nutritional and medicinal value

8.  Immense nutritional value as health food and neutraceutical.  Growing exotic vegetable originally at home makes exotic vegetables excellent choices which are not easily available in market. 3. Exotic Vegetable as home garden  Essential for a balanced diet and good health

9.  Lend themselves well to small scale and part time farming operation.  For plains serve as off – season vegetable.  Commercial production and marketing requires knowledge about their time of planting and availability in various regions. 4. Exotic Vegetable for commercial purpose

10. IMPORTANT EXOTIC VEGETABLES  ASPARAGUS  LETTUCE  BROCCOLI  BRUSSELS SPROUT  BABY CORN  KNOL-KHOL  RED CABBAGE  CHINESE CABBAGE  LEEK  KALE  PARSLEY  CELERY  GARDEN BEETS  SWISS CHARD

11. ASPARAGUS

12. B.N - Asparagus officinalis var altilis B.N - Asparagus officinalis var altilis V.N - Paragus, Shatavar V.N - Paragus, Shatavar Family - Liliaceae Family - Liliaceae Chromosome No. - 2n = 20 Chromosome No. - 2n = 20 Origin - Europe, Asia Origin - Europe, Asia Edible Part - Spears Edible Part - Spears Plant Habit - Perennial ( 20-30 years ) Plant Habit - Perennial ( 20-30 years ) Sex Form - Dioecious Sex Form - Dioecious Other spp. - racemosus, plumosus, gonocladious Other spp. - racemosus, plumosus, gonocladious Propagation - By Seed and Crown Propagation - By Seed and Crown

13. Nutritive value and uses Leading supplier of Folic acid i.e., good for blood cell formation, growth, and preventation of liver diseases. Spears also contain Leutin a compound which help in Hemorrhage Prevention Spears contain “Asparagine” which is used in medicine as diuratic in Chronic gout Low in calorie and rich in folate, potassium and anti oxidants. Shoots can be boiled or steamed and served with melted butter, olive oil and cheese Nutritionally well balanced vegetable.

14. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Carbohydrates3.88 g - SugarsSugars1.88 g - Dietary fiberDietary fiber2.1 g Fat0.12 g Protein2.20 g Thiamine (Vit. B 1 )0.143 mg (11%) Riboflavin (Vit. B 2 )0.141 mg (9%) Niacin (Vit. B 3 )0.978 mg (7%) Pantothenic acidPantothenic acid (B 5 )0.274 mg (5%) Vitamin B 6 0.091 mg (7%) FolateFolate (Vit. B 9 )52 μg (13%) Vitamin C5.6 mg (9%) Calcium24 mg (2%) Iron2.14 mg (17%) Magnesium14 mg (4%) Phosphorus52 mg (7%) Potassium202 mg (4%) Source : USDA nutrient database

15. Soil : Sandy-silt loam and alluvial soil with high organic matter Optimum pH 6.0-7.5 Climate : Frost tolerant cool season crop Day temp. - 25-30 0 C Night temp. - 15-20 0 C Vareities / Hybrid : 3 types of Asparagus on colour basis Green, White and Purple  Male plant used for commercial production.  Supermale also produce  Male hybrid is high yielding and resistant to diseases & insect-pest Standard varieties : Mary Washington, UC-72, Perfection, DPA-1 All-male varieties : Jersey Giant, Jersey Knight.

16. Planting time: BY Crown : Mid hills : Dec.-Jan. High hills : March- April High hills : March- April. BY SEED : Mid Hills : Feb-April High Hills : April-May High Hills : April-May Spacing: By seed : 50 x 50 cm By seed : 50 x 50 cm By crown : 100 x 60, 150 x 45 cm By crown : 100 x 60, 150 x 45 cm Higher spacings needed for white asparagus Higher spacings needed for white asparagus Seed and crowns: Seed - 6oo kg/ha( about 30 seeds/g) Crown - 6,000 - 9,000 per acre( one year old) Crown - 6,000 - 9,000 per acre( one year old) All male hybrids : Greenwich, Jersey Gem, Jersey General, jersey King, Jersey Prince, J. Titan jersey King, Jersey Prince, J. Titan

17. Manures and Fertilizers: FYM - 200 Q /ha FYM - 200 Q /ha CAN - 400 kg/ha CAN - 400 kg/ha SSP - 750 kg/ha SSP - 750 kg/ha MOP - 250 kg/ha MOP - 250 kg/ha Add ferti.in 2 splits,1 st during spring season before spear devt., & 2 nd half after harvest of spears. During fern dev. a small quantity of N should be applied. Irrigation : Surface  Sufficient moisture is required during rapid spear development.  Adequate drainage should be their Harvesting :  Harvest before excessive elongation of spears  Loss of tip compactness(feathering) due to inter node lengthening  Spears should be harvested when the heads are tight and before they “fern-out

18.  Stalk should not be fibrous (trimmed it)  Typically, spears are cut when they reach app. 23 cm. Yield : 1.2 - 3.0 t/ha Quality : Fresh asparagus will be dark green and firm with tightly closed, compact tips tightly closed, compact tips Stalks are straight, tender and glossy in appearance Stalks are straight, tender and glossy in appearance Post harvest technology and Storage: Post harvest technology and Storage: Do Hydro-cooling after harvesting to reduce spear temperture. At high temp.sugar loss, senescence & spear elongation. Do Hydro-cooling after harvesting to reduce spear temperture. At high temp.sugar loss, senescence & spear elongation. At 2 0 C and 95 % RH spears can be stored for 2-3 weeks. At 2 0 C and 95 % RH spears can be stored for 2-3 weeks. Prolonged holding at temp <2 0 C can cause chilling injury Prolonged holding at temp <2 0 C can cause chilling injury

19. BROCCOLI

20. B.N. - Brassica oleracea var italica B.N. - Brassica oleracea var italica C.N. - Broccoli C.N. - Broccoli Family - Cruciferae Family - Cruciferae Chromosome No. - 2n = 18 Chromosome No. - 2n = 18 Origin - Mediterranean region (Italy) Origin - Mediterranean region (Italy) Edible Part - Flower Bud Edible Part - Flower Bud Plant Habit - Annual – Veg. crop Plant Habit - Annual – Veg. crop Biennial – seed crop Biennial – seed crop Propagation - Seed Propagation - Seed

21. Uses and Nutrition  It is popular vegetable for use as salad, cooked or frozen.  Edible portion consist of upper stem and immature buds.  Nutrition wise it is most perfect vegetable.  American Cancer Society deems broccoli an anti- cancerous food.  It is rich in Sulphoraphane which is known to have anti-cancer properties.  RichinVit.A(660IU),Vita.C(89.2mg),Vit.E(0.78mg),Ma gnesium(21mg),Phosphorus(66mg),Potassium(316mg), Sodium(33mg) etc.

22. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy141 kJ (34 kcal) Carbohydrates6.64 g - SugarsSugars1.7 g - Dietary fibreDietary fibre2.6 g Protein2.82 g Vitamin AVitamin A equiv.31 μg (3%) - beta-carotenebeta-carotene361 μg (3%) - lutein and zeaxanthinluteinzeaxanthin1121 μg Thiamine (Vit. B 1 )0.071 mg (5%) Riboflavin (Vit. B 2 )0.117 mg (8%) Niacin (Vit. B 3 )0.639 mg (4%) Pantothenic acidPantothenic acid (B 5 )0.573 mg (11%) Vitamin B 6 0.175 mg (13%) FolateFolate (Vit. B 9 )63 μg (16%) Vitamin C89.2 mg (149%) Vitamin E0.78 mg (5%) Vitamin K101.6 μg (97%) Calcium47 mg (5%) Iron0.73 mg (6%) Magnesium21 mg (6%) Phosphorus66 mg (9%) Potassium316 mg (7%) source : USDA nutrient database

23. Soil : Well- drained, med.-heavy soil with high Soil : Well- drained, med.-heavy soil with high Organic matter (Optimum pH 5.5-6.8 ) Organic matter (Optimum pH 5.5-6.8 ) Temperature : Optimum temp. 15-20 0 C Seed Rate : 300-500 g/ha Planting distance : 60 x 60cm, 60 x 45cm Manure and Fertilizer : Method of Irrigation : Flooding, Furrow, Sprinkler and Drip Drip FYM - 200 Q /ha FYM - 200 Q /ha N - 90 kg/ha N - 90 kg/ha P - 75 kg/ha P - 75 kg/ha K - 60 kg/ha K - 60 kg/ha

24. Harvesting : Harvesting :  Take 45-90 days after transplanting  Should be harvested when central head reaches a diameter of 10-15 cm along with 15-20cm long stem.  Head may weigh 250-450g Yield : 150 -250 q/ha Yield : 150 -250 q/ha Quality : Marketable heads should have tightly clustered buds with no yellow colored flowers. The commercial trade accepts only 2-4 heads in a 500-700 g. Marketable heads should have tightly clustered buds with no yellow colored flowers. The commercial trade accepts only 2-4 heads in a 500-700 g.

25. Post harvest handling and storage : Post harvest handling and storage :  At 0 0 C with 95% RH for 21-28 days  Cooling by liquid-icing the field packed cartons.  Hydro-cooling and Forced air cooling can also be used  Refrigerated transport is a must for long -distance transportation. Cut heads are tied in bunch with rubber bands & packed in crates.  Standard carton contains 14-18 bunches.  Broccoli should be pre cooled to 0 0 C by hydro cooling or packing in ice soon after harvesting.

26. Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis ) ( Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis )

27. Uses and Nutrition Uses and Nutrition cooked and eaten raw as salad. cooked and eaten raw as salad. Cooked as Indian dishes as saag. Cooked as Indian dishes as saag. low in calories and contains: low in calories and contains: water - 95 % water - 95 % Protein - 1.2 g Protein - 1.2 g fiber -.6 g fiber -.6 g P - 43 mg P - 43 mg k - 250 mg k - 250 mg

28. Types and Varieties : Types and Varieties :  Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis var cylindrica  Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis var cephalata  Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis var laxa “Solan Band Sarson” “Solan Band Sarson” Soil : Fertile soil with sufficient moisture Soil : Fertile soil with sufficient moisture optimum pH 6.8 – 7.8 optimum pH 6.8 – 7.8 Climate : optimum temp 15 – 20 0 C Climate : optimum temp 15 – 20 0 C Seed rate : 625 -750 g/ha Spacing : 45 x 45cm

29. Sowing time : Sowing time : low Hills - october low Hills - october mid hills - Sept – Oct mid hills - Sept – Oct High hills - April – June High hills - April – June Manure and Fertilizer : Manure and Fertilizer : FYM N P K FYM N P K 10 t/ha 75 kg/ha 30 kg/ha 30 kg/ha 10 t/ha 75 kg/ha 30 kg/ha 30 kg/ha Harvesting : when head size 1-2 kg is obtained Harvesting : when head size 1-2 kg is obtained Yield : 60 t/ha Yield : 60 t/ha Storage : 0 0 C, 95-100 % RH for 2 – 3 months

30. KALE

31. B.N. - Brassica oleracea var acephala B.N. - Brassica oleracea var acephala C.N. - kale C.N. - kale Family - Cruciferae Family - Cruciferae Chromosome No. - 2n = 18 Chromosome No. - 2n = 18 Origin - Mediterranean region Origin - Mediterranean region Edible Part - Leaves & Shoot Edible Part - Leaves & Shoot Plant Habit - Annual Plant Habit - Annual

32. Nutritional and economic Importance  Powerful anti-oxidant and anti- inflamatory.  Very rich in beta carotene, vit.-k, c, leutin ziaxanthin and rich in Ca Varieties : Karam saag Dwarf green curled scotch Dwraf moss curled Hamburger market

33. Climate : Mostly cultivated in temperate climate. Optimum temperature range 10-15 0 C. Soil : Well drained - Sandy loam soil It is more tolerant to salt, pH 5.5-6.5 Seed rate : 350-400 g/ha. Planting time : August - September Spacing : 45cm x 30cm

34. Manure and Fertilizer FYM - 20-25tonnes/ha. N - 150 Kg/ha. P - 75 Kg/ha. K - 75 Kg/ha. HARVESTING : 3 ways Whole Plant Bunched leaves Stripped leaves Yield : 100 - 250 q/ha Storage : At 0 0 C & 100% RH for 10-14 days

35. LEEK

36. B. N. - Allium porrum B. N. - Allium porrum C. N. - Leek C. N. - Leek Family - Alliaceae Family - Alliaceae Chrm. No. - 2n = 36 Chrm. No. - 2n = 36 Origin - Central Asia Origin - Central Asia Edible Part - Stem and leaves Edible Part - Stem and leaves Plant Habit - Annual Plant Habit - Annual Propagation - Seed Propagation - Seed

37.  Leek are used as salad 1-2 pieces and also to add flavour to pulao and biryani  Excellent vegetable to flavour the meal in Indian dishes in place of garlic.  Being rich in K they are good for heart.  Extensively used in soups and stews  Do not overcooked as they become doughy when overcooked. Uses and Nutrition

38. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Protein1.5 g Vitamin AVitamin A equiv.83 μg (9%) Thiamine (Vit. B 1 )0.06 mg (5%) Riboflavin (Vit. B 2 )0.03 mg (2%) Niacin (Vit. B 3 )0.4 mg (3%) Vitamin B 6 0.233 mg (18%) FolateFolate (Vit. B 9 )64 μg (16%) Vitamin B 12 0 μg (0%) Vitamin C12 mg (20%) Vitamin E0.92 mg (6%) Vitamin K47 μg (45%) Calcium59 mg (6%) Iron2.1 mg (17%) Magnesium28 mg (8%) Phosphorus35 mg (5%) Potassium180 mg (4%) Sodium20 mg (1%) Source : USDA nutrient database

39. Soil : Deep well drained Clay- Clay loam soil light texture soil are suitable pH 6.5- 7.5 Climate : Cool mild climate Optimum temp 13-24 0 C Varieties/ Hybrid Early Mid Late In India - Musselburgh, Prize -taker

40. Seed Rate : 1.5 – 3 Kg/ha Sowing time Mid hills - September – October High hills - March – May Spacing : 30 X 15cm or 45 X 10 cm Manure and fertilizer : FYM – 250 q/ha CAN – 600 kg/ha SSP – 375 kg/ha MOP – 185 kg/ha

41. Harvesting :  In transplanted crop it is ready in 16 weeks therefore take 6 month time from seedling to harvest  Leeks are hand pulled when stem diameter reach 2.5cm  Blanched stem section should be 10-15cm long  They are washed and packed in bundle of 3-5 and bound with a rubber band Yield : 300 q/ha

42. LETTUCE

43. B.N. - Lectuaca sativa B.N. - Lectuaca sativa C.N. - Lettuce C.N. - Lettuce Family - Asteraceae Family - Asteraceae Chrm. No - 2n = 18 Chrm. No - 2n = 18 Origin - Mediterranean region Origin - Mediterranean region Edible Part - Leafy Head Edible Part - Leafy Head Plant Habit - Annual or biennial Plant Habit - Annual or biennial Propagation - Seed Propagation - Seed

44.  India ranks 5 th in production and produce 7,90,000 tones ( FAO, 2007)  king of green salad, its use in sand witches and burger is nearly universal.  Rich in vitamin A, C (antioxidants) offer protection against cancer.  Dark green leaves are rich in beta – carotene.  Cutting lettuce much in advance of eating as it loses its nutritional value and discolours quickely.  In World, largest consumer and producer is USA. Uses and nutrition

45. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy55 kJ (13 kcal) Carbohydrates2.2 g - Dietary fibreDietary fibre1.1 g Fat0.2 g Protein1.4 g Water96 g Vitamin AVitamin A equiv.166 μg (18%) FolateFolate (Vit. B 9 )73 μg (18%) Vitamin C4 mg (7%) Vitamin K24 μg (23%) Iron1.2 mg (10%) source : USDA nutrient database

46. Soil  Light,well drained soil with adequate moisture with pH 6.8  But highly sensitive to acidic soil. Climate  It require cool temperature and Optimum temp. is 13- 16  C.  Higher temperature accelerate bolting or formation of seed stalks. Varieties / Hybrids Crisp Head Cos or Romaine Type Stem Type Leafy Type

47. Sowing time : September to October Spacing : 45 X 30 cm Crisp Head 30 X 20 cm leafy type. Manures and Fertilizers : FYM - 10 t/ha N - 60 kg/ha P - 40 kg/ ha K - 30 kg/ha Seed rate : 375 - 500 g/ha

48. Harvesting  Leafy type harvested when leaves are fully developed but tender  Heading type when heads are fully developed and solid  Time of harvest ranges between 50 to 170 days. Yield : 100-140 quintal/ha 0-2°C with >95% RH Cooling : Cooling improves shelf life considerably. Storage : 0-2°C with >95% RH for 2-3 weeks Cooling : Cooling improves shelf life considerably. Non–heading type : Hydro cooling Non–heading type : Hydro cooling Heading type : Vacuum cooling Heading type : Vacuum cooling

49. Parsley ( Petroselium crispum ) Parsley ( Petroselium crispum )

50. Uses Used as a salad and also for flavouring and garnishing meat and other dishes and sandwiches. It is also used in soups, sauces and stews. Do not cook it, just garnish at the end of preparation with finely chopped leaves Leaves are also used to make a sort of tea which possess medicinal property. TYPES & VARIETIES Plain leaf or Italian parsley (Peteroselium crispum var.crispum). eg. Deep Green, Banquet, Emerald, Perfection. Curled leaf parsley(P.C var neapolitanum)-eg.Plain,Plain Italian dark Green, Deep Green Italian and Giant Italian. Turnip root parsley(P. C var.tuberosum). H.P - Curled Leaf, Moss Curled & Double Curled.

51. Climate : It is frost tolerant & grow best at 7-16 0 C Sowing time : Low hills – October - Nov Mid hills – September High hills – March – April Soil : Well drained moist soil with pH 5.5-6.8 Seed Rate & Spacing 250g/ha 60 x 45 cm M/F : FYM = 15 tonnes/ha N = 60 kg/ha P = 40 kg/ha’ K = 30 kg/ha Harvesting :- Leaves of outer whorl should be harvested so that inner leaves keep on growing for later harvest. Yield : 12 t/ha (500-700g/plant) Storage : 0 0 C, RH 95-100for 1-2 month.

52. BABY SWEET CORN (Zea mays var rugasa BABY SWEET CORN (Zea mays var rugasa Varieties : Solan Suger Baby Varieties : Solan Suger Baby Hybrid : Golden Baby Hybrid : Golden Baby Seed Rate : 30-40 kg/ha Seed Rate : 30-40 kg/ha Planting Time : February- May Planting Time : February- May Planting distance : 60x 15 cm Planting distance : 60x 15 cm Water Requirement : 10-15 days interval Water Requirement : 10-15 days interval Typical stages : Seedling Typical stages : Seedling Knee height Knee height Flowering stage Flowering stage Manures and Fertilizers Manures and Fertilizers FYM – 100-200 Q /ha FYM – 100-200 Q /ha N – 100 kg/ha N – 100 kg/ha P - 50 kg/ha P - 50 kg/ha K - 30 kg/h K - 30 kg/h Harvesting : 45-50 days after sowing(when 8-10 cm long) Harvesting : 45-50 days after sowing(when 8-10 cm long) Yield : 10-12 q ears/ha Yield : 10-12 q ears/ha

53. RED CABBAGE ( Brassica capitata var. capitata sub var. rubra ) Varieties: Red Rock, Red Drum Head, Kinner Red Planting Time: Planting Time: Plains : October-November Plains : October-November Mid hills : August- September Mid hills : August- September High hills : April-May High hills : April-May Seed Rate : 350- 450g/ha Seed Rate : 350- 450g/ha Planting Distance : 45x45 cm, 60x35 cm Planting Distance : 45x45 cm, 60x35 cm Manures and Fertilizers: Manures and Fertilizers: FYM- 150 Q /ha FYM- 150 Q /ha CAN- 480 Kg/ha CAN- 480 Kg/ha SSP -315 kg/ha SSP -315 kg/ha MOP -45 kg/ha MOP -45 kg/ha Crop Period : 12-15 weeks after sowing Yield : 100-150 Q /ha Yield : 100-150 Q /ha Storage : 1-2 months at 0 0 c with 90% RH Storage : 1-2 months at 0 0 c with 90% RH

54. Scope

55.  In India, North – western Himalayas and Nilgiri hills provides excellent climate for production especially during summer months  In India, seed and planting material requirement presently is not very high and can be met by multinational seed companies easily.  Seeds of many crops like lettuce, broccoli, leek, chienese cabbage etc. are available in HP at IARI research station Katrain, Kullu and UHF, Nauni.

56.  Full - fill the requirement of youngsters.  Exotic vegetable has advantage over other vegetable.  Diversity in climate makes India most favorable for production of exotic vegetable.  Enhancing Eco- tourism. ( Source : www.fresh plaza.com ) ( Source : www.fresh plaza.com )

57.  In India, produce is harvested, packed and distributed without any pre – cooling.  Lack of proper knowledge about production and consumption  Poor storage facilities.  Highly perishiable.  In vegetatively propagated crops like Asparagus planting material is not easily available. planting material is not easily available.  High cost of produce like broccoli sell @ Rs. 50- 70/kg www.freshplaza.com Constrains

58.  Better shelf – life and export potential  Consumption to be encouraged.  Crop and post harvest management.  Infrastructure facilities for market will help in in increasing the export. increasing the export.  Proper varietal selection.  Its cultivation under protected conditions. Overcoming of these constrains

59.  Proper knowledge about their production technology, marketing, storage and distribution.  Value addition for alternative use.  Pre cooling of produce to check spoilage.

60. Conclusion Conclusion  Exotic vegetable are highly nutritious and medicinal value.  Source of cash income for small holders.  In India, maximum diversity in climate occur and Nilgiri hills and Himalayan region provides excellent climate for production during summer month.  Serve as off season and fetch more price in market.

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