1. Slide 1 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel The Work of Gregor Mendel

2. Slide 2 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall MONDAY 1/28/13 CHECK HOMEWORK section 11.1 WORKBOOK WARM-UP: CHAPTER 11 - DNA, GENES, AND CHROMOSOMES (HANDOUT) 23ANDME - VIDEO CLIP - HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE (INHERIT) YOUR TRAITS? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- Yg89GY61DE&list=PLF9969C74FAAD2BF9&index=3 3RD VIDEO CLIP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- Yg89GY61DE&list=PLF9969C74FAAD2BF9&index=3

3. Slide 3 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall WRITE DOWN AT LEAST 5 FACTS YOU KNOW ABOUT GENETICS. WHAT IS GENETICS? 1/28/13

4. Slide 4 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall TUESDAY 1/29/13 WARM-UP: WHO WAS GREGOR MENDEL? HOW DID HIS WORK CONTRIBUTE TO WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT GENETICS? NOTES 11.1 & 11.2 GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, ALLELES, DOMINANT, RECESSIVE, AND SEGREGATION GENETICS PRACTICE PROBLEMS – definitions and numbers 1 - 3

5. Slide 5 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall WEDNESDAY 1/30/13 WARM-UP: EXPLAIN HOW GREGOR MENDEL STUDIED PEAS. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A PUNNETT SQUARE? 11.2 - INTRODUCTION TO PUNNETT SQUARES - PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE – MENDEL’S PEA PLANTS

6. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 6 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gregor Mendel’s Peas Mendel wanted to produce seeds by joining male and female reproductive cells from two different plants. He cut away the pollen-bearing male parts of the plant and dusted the plant’s flower with pollen from another plant - cross pollination. *Producing seeds that had two different parents.

7. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 7 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gregor Mendel’s Peas Pea flowers are self-pollinating - Sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the same flower. The seeds that are produced by self-pollination inherit all of their characteristics from the single plant that bore them (true-breeding)

8. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 8 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Dominance Each original pair of plants is the P (parental) generation. The offspring are called the F 1, or “first filial,” generation. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called hybrids. The F 2 generation results from self-pollination of the F 1 generation.

9. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 9 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gregor Mendel’s Peas Mendel knew that flowers reproduce asexually - one parent the male part of each flower produces pollen, (containing sperm). the female part of the flower produces egg cells.

10. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 10 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Dominance Mendel’s F 1 Crosses on Pea Plants

11. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 11 of 32 SMARTBOARD Practice Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Slide 12 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall THURSDAY 1/31/13 WARM-UP: Complete the following Punnett square Scenario: two pea plants were crossed by Gregor mendel. One plant (female) was heterozygous TALL, and the other plant (male) was homozygous recessive SHORT. 1. COMPLETE THE PUNNETT SQUARE 2. IDENTIFY THE PHENOTYPES AND THE PHENOTYPIC RATIOS 3. IDENTIFY THE GENOTYPES AND THE GENOTYPIC RATIOS NOTES- 11.2 CONTINUED- GREGOR MENDEL AND PROBABILITY PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE PROBLEMS HOMEWORK: WORKBOOK 11.2

13. Slide 13 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DIRECTIONS: 1. WORK IN PAIRS 2. MAKE UP FIVE PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR ANOTHER PAIR OF STUDENTS 3. WRITE THE QUESTIONS ON A SEPARTE SHEET OF PAPER 4. SOLVE THE PUNNETT SQUARES

14. Slide 14 of 32 PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE EXAMPLE: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall TRAIT p.264 DOMINANT PHENOTYPE RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE GENETIC CROSS SEED COLOR GREENYELLOWA HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT MOTHER IS CROSSED WITH A HETEROZYGOUS FATHER.

15. Slide 15 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall FRIDAY 2/1/13 WARM-UP: WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF TWO PARENTS HAVING A BABY GIRL? PRACTICE ACTIVITY: - PENNIES AND PROBABILITY. USING THE PENNY PROVIDED- ANSWER THE PROBAILITY QUESTION BELOW. HEADS - GIRL TAILS - BOY 1. WORK WITH A PARTNER 2. FLIP A COIN 50 TIMES 3. KEEP TRACK OF THE NUMBER OF TIMES IT PRODUCES A GIRL(HEADS) OR A BOY(TAILS). CALCLUATE THE PERCENTAGE OF TIMES A BOY IS PRODUCED? (NUMBER OF BOYS DIVIDED BY 50 TOTAL FLIPS times 100)

16. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 16 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall probability 2/4 & 2/5 & 2/6 Probabilities Predict Averages Probabilities predict the average outcome of a large number of events. In genetics, the larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will get to expected values. Activity: The Baby Face Lab Complete data chart Complete drawing of face Complete post activity questions

17. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 17 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2/7/13: Review – Mendel and genetics Gregor Mendel’s Peas Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important to the understanding of heredity. Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden peas. Gregor Mendel’s Peas

18. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 18 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Dominance Mendel's conclusion - biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next (from parents to offspring). A TRAIT is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. GENES - hereditary information; factors that control traits. ALLELES - alternative forms of a gene. Each gene Is represented by an allele

19. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 19 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Alleles

20. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 20 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genotype and phenotype Phenotype, or physical characteristics. EXAMPLES: Tall, yellow, round Genotype, or genetic makeup. EXAMPLES: TT, Tt, tt

21. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 21 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Dominance Mendel’s second conclusion is called the principle of dominance. *The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. An organism with a dominant allele for a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. An organism with the recessive allele for a trait will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele for that trait is not present. Allele combinations - each parent contributes ONE allele  DD - homozygous dominant  Dd - heterozygous  Dd - homozygous recessive

22. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 22 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Punnett squares Punnett Squares Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross. Gametes produced by each F 1 parent are shown along the top and left side. USE only ONE letter - usually the first letter of the name of the dominant trait

23. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 23 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Monohybrid cross T (tall) T (tall) t (short) MONOHYBRID CROSS - ONE TRAIT F 1 RESULTS Phenotypic ratio = 3:1 (always the same for this cross) Genotypic ratio = 1:2:1 (always the same for this cross)

24. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 24 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Segregation Results: parental generation (P) producing the F 1 generation = Expresses ALL dominant Were all of the recessive traits gone?? NO! WHY? - Because of the Law of Segregation PROOF - Mendel crossed the F 1 generation with itself (self- pollination) to produce the F 2 (second filial) generation. The traits controlled by recessive alleles reappeared in one fourth of the F 2 plants.

25. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 25 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Segregation The trait controlled by the recessive allele showed up in some of the F 2 plants. The reappearance of the trait controlled by the recessive allele indicated that at some point the allele for shortness had been separated, or segregated, from the allele for tallness. Mendel suggested that the alleles for tallness and shortness in the F 1 plants segregated from each other during the formation of the sex cells, or gametes - during MEIOSIS

26. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 26 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Segregation Alleles separate during gamete formation.

27. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 27 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent assortment 2/7 & 2/8/13 Quiz – segregation and punnett squares Independent Assortment To determine if the segregation of one pair of alleles (one trait) affects the segregation of another pair of alleles (another trait), Mendel performed a two-factor cross - TWO traits *Independent assortment occurs in Meiosis I. A Dihybrid Cross The alleles for round (R) and yellow (Y) are dominant over the alleles for wrinkled (r) and green (y).

28. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 28 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Dihybrid cross A Round Yellow plant (dominant) crossed with a wrinkled green plant (recessive) PARENTAL GENERATION CROSS - PRODUCE F 1 RESULTS: F 1 generation *ALL ROUND and YELLOW (Dominant) F 1 Cross to produce F 2 Self-pollinate (fertilize) RrYy x RrYy

29. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 29 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9:3:3:1 The Punnett square predicts a 9 : 3 : 3 :1 ratio in the F 2 generation (phenotypic ratio) * Always the same for this cross

30. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 30 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall RESULTS Dihybrid In Mendel’s experiment, the F 2 generation produced the following: some seeds that were round and yellow some seeds that were wrinkled and green some seeds that were round and green some seeds that were wrinkled and yellow

31. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 31 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent assortment This principle is known as independent assortment. Genes that segregate independently do not influence each other's inheritance.

32. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 32 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Summary - Mendel 2/9/13 A Summary of Mendel's Principles Genes (traits) are passed from parents to their offspring. Principle of Dominance - some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive. Genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed (Principle of segregation) The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another - Principle of independent assortment

33. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 33 of 32 Rule changes - variations There are FIVE concepts that do NOT follow the basic rules of Mendelian genetics and Dominance. Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple alleles Polygenic traits Sex-linked traits Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

34. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 34 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Incomplete dominance Incomplete Dominance When one allele is not completely dominant over another it is called incomplete dominance. The heterozygous phenotype is between the two homozygous phenotypes. ALL are represented with upper case letters.

35. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 35 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Codominance ABO blood group - CODOMINANCE In codominance, both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Examples: A chicken with black and white feathers Blood type - AB There are three alleles for this gene, I A, I B, and i (recessive) 1. Alleles I A and I B are codominant. 2. Individuals with alleles I A I A or I A i produce only the A antigen, making them blood type A.

36. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 36 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ABO The Rh blood group is determined by a single gene with two alleles—positive and negative. The positive (Rh + ) allele is dominant, so individuals who are Rh + /Rh + or Rh + /Rh are said to be Rh- positive. Individuals with two Rh - alleles are said to be Rh- negative.

37. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 37 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall exceptions Polygenic, Multiple alleles, Sex-linked Polygenic - Characteristics controlled by more than one gene; hair color, height, skin color. Genes that are controlled by more than two alleles are said to have multiple alleles; eye color (blue, green, and brown) Linked genes - genes located close together on the same chromosome Sex-linked - any gene located on the sex chromosome More than 100 sex-linked genetic disorders have now been mapped (located) to the X chromosome.

38. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 38 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sex-linked Sex-linked disorders are more common in males than females WHY???? For a recessive allele to be expressed in females, there must be two copies of the allele, one on each of the two X chromosomes. Males have just one X chromosome. Thus, all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive.

39. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 39 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall colorblindness Possible Inheritance of Colorblindness Allele Carrier - carries the allele that contributes to the disorder, but DOES NOT have the disorder.

40. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 40 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Gregor Mendel’s Peas The sperm and egg cells (gametes) were produced during MEIOSIS - each containing ONE set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes for humans *For each inheritable characteristic an organism has two genes, one from each parent. During fertilization, the gametes are united to produce a Zygote. Alternative forms of the gene are called ALLELES - each gene is represented by one allele

41. 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Slide 41 of 32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Meiosis After meiotic division, fertilization occurs. Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the zygote (N) - each chromosome has one allele for each gene (trait) that contributes to the characteristics of the new organism.