1. Low Temperatures - the posters Low Temperatures Cryogenics Cold on EarthCold in Space SuperconductivitySuperfluidity Funded by EPSRC ( Partnerships for Public Awareness ) Institute of Physics Oxford Instruments Mike Lea, John Saunders, Colin WintertonRoyal Holloway Rick MarshallOakham School Bill BlockBritish Antarctic Survey Bob LambourneOpen University

2. To inform and excite interest in students To provide a summary of low temperature research and applications in physics, cryogenic engineering, astronomy, planetary science, medicine and biology To be distributed to schools as A3 posters and A4 summary sheets for individual students from September 2001 Low Temperatures - the aim

3. Coldest on Earth Vostok Ice Station -89.2°C on July 21, 1983 View of the main drag Plaque commemorating the coldest temperature recorded on Earth

4. Coldest in the Solar System Triton - moon of NeptuneTriton Voyager 2 : 25 August 1989 -235°C or 38 K Pressure 15  bar Courtesy of South Pole of TritonTenuous Clouds on Triton Surface of Triton Plain of Ice Montage of Neptune and Triton

5. Cosmic Microwave Background COBE satellite 1991 Black Body Radiation Doppler dipole shift Temperature fluctuations  T = 18  K  T = 3.353 mK T = 2.726 K CO smic B ackground E xplorer

6. BOOMERANG Telescope Antarctica 1998 CMB fluctuations Flat Universe Courtesy of The BOOMERANG Collaboration BOOMERANG maps the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) using a balloon-borne telescope that circumnavigates Antarctica.

7. Coldest in the Universe The Boomerang Nebula, 5000 light years away, is an expanding cloud of dust and gas from an old star which is collapsing to form a white dwarf. The expanding gas cools to 1K, the lowest temperature found in the Universe. A radio telescope in Chile was used to compare signals from carbon monoxide in the Boomerang Nebula with signals from the cosmic microwave background radiation(CMB). The cold region absorbs some of the background radiation. Dr. Raghvendra Sahai, Lars-Ake Nyman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA Cold wind from The Boomerang Nebula

8. Dilution refrigerator Royal Holloway 5 mK Coldest Laboratory 1 Traditional cryostats Nuclear demagnetisation 150  K Lancaster University Liquid helium: 90  K Copper (electrons): 7  K University of Helsinki Rhodium (nuclei): 100 pK

9. Coldest Laboratory 2 Trapped atom clouds Laser cooling Nobel prize 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William Phillips Magneto-optic traps (MOT) for atoms 30 nK Na atoms at Stanford

10. Example of Poster No.1

11. Example of Poster No.2

12. Example of Poster No.3

13. Frozen Ice is lethal to living cells Freeze Avoidance to -40°C Antifreeze compounds - Glycerol Antifreeze proteins - Inhibit ice growth Avoid ice nucleators - Bacteria seed ice formation Treefrog- blue with cold Frozen Alive by Janet M Storey Alive! Freeze tolerance Ice forms between cells Ice nucleators Bacteria Special proteins Cells supercool Frozen frogs!

14. Cryosurgery Courtesy of Royal Surrey County Hospital Cryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen (77 K) Cancer cells repeatedly frozen and thawed Rapidly expanding field

15. Example of Poster No.4

16. Example of Poster No.5

17. Maglev trains Magnetic repulsion Levitation Yamanshi - MLX01 Maglev trains 312 mph (Germany) 323 mph (Japan) Superconducting magnet Guideway Yamanashi Maglev Test Line

18. Example of Poster No.6

19. Bose-Einstein condensation Atoms in traps Laser cooling Evaporation T > 30 nK BEC Matter waves = h/p = h/mv Thermal energy Thermal wavelength Bose-Einstein condensation  a Wolfgang Ketterle MIT Na atoms Bouncing Rb atoms - Sussex

20. Low Temperatures - the posters Low Temperatures Cryogenics Cold on EarthCold in Space Superconductivity Superfluidity For details of how to get the summary sheets and posters call 01784 443448 or e-mail: physics@rhul.ac.uk All comments welcome!