1. Temperature scale
Titan
Superfluid He
Ultracold atomic gases

10. Quantum mechanics in action
1) Particle-Wave duality
de Broglie wave-length
(de Broglie 1923)
momentum
Planck constant (1900)
When confinement is present only certain modes are allowed, i.e., certain energies (levels).

11. 2) Quantum Statistics: bosons and fermions
“Bosons like
staying together,
i.e., in the same state”
“Fermions dislike
staying together,
i.e., in the same state”
Bose-Einstein statistics (1924)
Fermi-Dirac statistics (1926)
Dilute gases: 1995, JILA, MIT
Dilute gases: 1999, JILA

12. New state of matter…
W. Ketterle

13. One of the first BEC images (JILA 1995)
Below a certain temperature a macroscopic atomic fraction occupies the lowest energy state

14. Temperature measured thruogh thermal component tails
both thermal
and BEC
only thermal
only BEC
Temperature measured thruogh thermal component tails

15. Physics Nobel Prizes
2001
1997
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
               
Eric A. Cornell
Wolfgang Ketterle
Carl E. Wieman
               
Steven Chu
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
William D. Phillips

16. Optical Lattices Periodic potential via the dipole force
Laser standing wave
1D (optical) lattice
1D dynamics, (Fermi/Bose) Hubbard model description, Mott insulating phase…

18. Deeper (3D) optical lattices: quantum phase
transition from superfluid to Mott insulator
(I. Bloch et al., Nature 2002)
Atoms move around,
delocalized on
many lattice site
Incresing the
lattice strength
Atoms are
localized on
a single lattice site