1. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Flight Operations Chapter 20 Charts

2. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-1. The earth is a slightly flattened (oblate) sphere.

3. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-2. The earth rotates about its own axis.

4. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-3. The plane of a small circle does not pass through the center of a sphere.

5. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-4. The great circle has the center of the earth as its axis.

6. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-5. Latitude.

7. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-6. The prime meridian.

8. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-7. The longitude of a place is the angle between its meridian of longitude and the prime (Greenwich) meridian, measured east or west from the prime meridian.

9. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-8. The position of Warren in Pennsylvania is 41°50’N, 79°08’W.

10. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-9. Specifying position on the earth by range and bearing.

11. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-10. 1 NM is the length of 1 minute of arc of a great circle on the earth.

12. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-11. 1 minute of latitude = 1 NM; 1 minute of longitude varies in length.

13. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-12. The great circle and the rhumb line tracks between two places.

14. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-13. Making a chart.

15. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-14. A conical projection (Lambert) and a cylindrical projection (Mercator).

16. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-15. A conical projection (Lambert) and a cylindrical projection (Mercator).

17. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-16. Sample excerpt from 1:250,000 Terminal Area.

18. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-17. Sample excerpt from 1:500,000 Sectional VFR chart.

19. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-18. Scale lines from a 1:250,000 chart (top) and a 1:500,000 chart.

20. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-19. Most charts are based on the Lambert conformal conic projection.

21. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-20. Contour lines represent changes in height MSL.

22. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-21. The Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD).

23. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-22. Grid of the 1:500,000 series.

24. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-23. ONC world coverage.

25. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-24. A WAC reliability panel.

26. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-25. Sectional chart excerpt no. 1.

27. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-26. Sectional chart legend.

28. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-27. Sectional chart excerpt no. 2.

29. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-28. Sectional chart excerpt no. 3.

30. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-29. Sectional chart excerpt no. 4.

31. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-30. World aeronautical chart.

32. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-31. VFR Terminal area chart.

33. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-32. Canadian charts.

34. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 20-33. Coeur d’Alene A/FD excerpt.