1. Semester 2 Week 15

2.  Reagan admin persuaded the Saudi Arabian oil companies to increase oil production  This led to a 3x drop in the prices of oil; oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues  Following the USSR’s previous large military buildup, Reagan ordered an enormous peacetime defense buildup of the U.S. military  USSR didn’t respond to this by building up their military because the military expenses, in combination w/ collectivized agriculture in the nation & inefficient planned manufacturing, would cause a heavy burden for the Soviet economy

3.  By the late 1980s, the USSR economy was suffering from years of inefficient central planning & huge expenditures on the arms race  To save the economy, Gorbachev instituted perestroika, or “restructuring,” and allowed some private enterprise and profit-making  The other principle of Gorbachev’s plan was glasnost, or “openness.” It allowed people to discuss politics openly

4.  “General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

5.  As Gorbachev-inspired waves of reform propagated throughout the Eastern bloc, grassroots organizations, such as Poland’s Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground  1989, the Communist governments in Poland & Hungary became the 1 st to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections  In Czechoslovakia & East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders  The Communist regimes in Bulgaria & Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising

6.  11/9/1989, the spreading revolution soon reached East Germany, guards at the Berlin Wall opened the gates  W/in days, bulldozers levied the hated symbol of Communist repression  W/in a year, East & West Germany had reunited  The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 11/1989, which symbolized the collapse of E’rn European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe

7.  Gorbachev faced mounting criticism from opponents at home  8/1991, a group of Communist officials & army officers staged a coup - an overthrow of the gov’t  They arrested Gorbachev & sent troops into Moscow  Russian president Boris Yeltsin defied the coup leaders from his offices in the Russian Parliament  12/1991, Gorbachev announced the end of the USSR  Most of the former Soviet republics then joined in a federation called the Commonwealth of Independent States

8.  China’s Communist leaders were determined to stay in power  China’s gov’t had relaxed controls on the economy, but it continued to repress political speech & dissent  5/1989, Chinese students and workers held demonstrations for democracy  In early June, gov’t tanks & soldiers crushed their protests in Tiananmen Square in Beijing  Many people were killed & hundreds of pro- democracy activists were arrested; many were later sentenced to death

10.  TAKE OUT A SEPARATE, FULL SHEET OF PAPER  NUMBER 1-5

11. 1. This was the “restructuring,” and allowed some private enterprise and profit-making? 2. This was “openness.” It allowed people to discuss politics openly? 3. Name 4 Eastern European countries that were looking to get away from communism. 4. This is an overthrow of the gov’t 5. Where is Tiananmen Square?

12.  When George H. W. Bush accepted the Repub nomination in 1988  promised “Read my lips: no new taxes”  Dems promised to help working- class Americans, minorities & the poor  Jesse Jackson became the 1st Afr. Amer. to make a serious run for the nomination  The Democrats final choice was MA gov’r Michal Dukakis

13.  The Bush campaign portrayed him as too liberal, unpatriotic, & “soft on crime”  Dems questioned Bush’s leadership abilities, but Bush had Reagan’s endorsement, and with the economy still doing well, few Americans wanted to switch parties.  Bush won 54% of the popular vote & defeated Dukakis 426-111 in the Electoral College

14.  1978, the U.S. agreed to give Panama control over the Panama Canal by the year 2000  U.S. officials wanted to make sure Panama’s gov’t was both stable and pro-U.S.  1989, Panama’s dictator, Gen. Manuel Noriega, had stopped cooperating with the U.S.  He aided drug traffickers  cracked down on opponents  harassed U.S. military personnel defending the canal  12/1989, Bush ordered U.S. troops to invade Panama who seized Noriega & was sent to the U.S. to stand trial on drug charges  The troops then helped the Panamanians hold elections and organize a new gov’t

15.  8/1990, Iraq’s dictator, Saddam Hussein, sent his army to invade oil-rich Kuwait  U.S. officials feared that Iraq’s ultimate goal was to capture Saudi Arabia & its vast oil reserves  the UN 1st imposed economy sanctions on Iraq & demanded the Iraqis withdraw

16.  1/16/1991, the coalition forces launched Operation Desert Storm  Dozens of cruise missiles & thousands of laser-guided bombs fell on Iraq, destroying its air defenses, bridges, artillery, and other military targets  Waves of tanks and troop carriers smashed through Iraqi lines & encircled the Iraqi forces defending Kuwait  The attack killed thousands of Iraqi soldiers, Hundreds of thousands more surrendered; fewer than 300 coalition troops were killed  Just 100 hours after the ground war began President Bush declared victory. “Kuwait is liberated”

17.  The recession that began in 1990 was partly caused by the end of the Cold War. As the Soviet threat faded, the U.S. began reducing its armed forces and canceling orders for military equipment  Thousands of soldiers were released, and defense industry workers were laid off  The nation’s high level of debt made the recession worse  Americans had borrowed heavily during the 1980s and now faced paying off large debts

18.  Bush promised to address voters’ economic concerns, and he blamed congressional Democrats for the gridlock that seemingly paralyzed  The Democrats nominated AR gov’r Bill Clinton  Clinton promised to cut middle class taxes and spending and to reform the nation’s health care and welfare programs  His campaign repeatedly blamed Bush for the recession  an independent candidate, TX businessman H. Ross Perot, made a strong challenge  Bill Clinton won the election with 43% of the popular vote & 370 electoral votes  Bush received 37%, Perot 19% of the popular vote

19.  TAKE OUT A SEPARATE, FULL SHEET OF PAPER  NUMBER 1-5

20. 1. Who were the 2 major candidates for the Election of 1988? 2. Who was the dictator in Panama? 3. U.S. officials feared that Iraq’s ultimate goal was to capture what? 4. How many coalition troops were killed during Operation Desert Storm? 5. Who won the Election of 1992?