1. Feedback on the exam April 1, 2016

2. Question 1 a) Innovation and invention Define the terms “innovation” and “invention!” Discuss differences between these two terms.

3. Question 1 b) Skunkworks Textbook (Jain, R., Triandis, H. C., & Weick, C. W.) page 67: According to Quinn (1985, p. 79), for every highly innovative enterprise in the research sample he studied, a small-company environment was emulated by using groups that functioned in a “skunkworks style.” In this approach, small teams of engineers, technicians, designers, and others were placed together with no other intervening organizational or visible physical barriers to developing a new product from the idea stage to the final commercialization stage. This approach has been used successfully in many Japanese companies. Quinn (1985, p. 79) gives the example of Soichiro Honda, who was known for working directly on technical problems and who emphasized his technical points by personally working with other members of the “skunkworks team.” Wikipedia: The term originated during World War II when the P-80 Shooting Star was designed by Lockheed’s Advanced Development Projects Division in Burbank, California, under similar circumstances. A closely guarded incubator was set up in a circus tent next to a plastics factory in Burbank.World War IIP-80 Shooting Starcircus tent

4. P-80 Shooting Star https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= L20nZMd57JI

5. Question 3 a) Compare open innovation and closed innovation! List advantages and disadvantages of both! When is open innovation more applicable and when is closed innovation more applicable?

6. Advantages of involving customers Feedback from the right people, real users Helps to predict the future success of the product Gives detailed feedback Reveals viewpoints that the developers themselves maybe did not even think about Helps to grasp tacit knowledge Can be the only way to study the customer experience of the product already in advance Maybe the selling points of the new product do not appeal to the customers Makes it easier to earlier abandon products that will be failures anyway Is a way to implement the principle of failing cheap Is a way to implement the experimentation-driven approach to innovation Customers can be very low cost consultants to the company Is a way to utilize the special knowledge of lead users Helps to breaks the boundary between the customers and the suppliers Creates positive image of the company in the eyes of the customers Makes the customers feel that they are valuable to the supplier Builds better loyalty between the customers and the company than the competitors are able to build If customers have been involved in the development process themselves they are more inclined to accept minor flaws in the future product Customers will act as marketers of the future product Creates a market need even before the product is available in the market Can reveal to competitors what the company is doing and, thus, keep them out of this market If it is your competitor who is involved with the customers then the ideas from the customers will go to benefit their competitor Ideas for completely new product can emerge when dealing with the customer Contact with the customers can be a way to market other products of the company

7. Advantages of involving customers 1 Feedback from the right people, real users Helps to predict the future success of the product Gives detailed feedback Reveals viewpoints that the developers themselves maybe did not even think about

8. Advantages of involving customers 2 Helps to grasp tacit knowledge Can be the only way to study the customer experience of the product already in advance

9. Advantages of involving customers 3 Maybe the selling points of the new product do not appeal to the customers Makes it easier to earlier abandon products that will be failures anyway Is a way to implement the principle of failing cheap Is a way to implement the experimentation- driven approach to innovation Customers can be very low cost consultants to the company

10. Advantages of involving customers 4 Is a way to utilize the special knowledge of lead users

11. Advantages of involving customers 5 Helps to breaks the boundary between the customers and the suppliers Creates positive image of the company in the eyes of the customers Makes the customers feel that they are valuable to the supplier Builds better loyalty between the customers and the company than the competitors are able to build If customers have been involved in the development process themselves they are more inclined to accept minor flaws in the future product

12. Advantages of involving customers 6 Customers will act as marketers of the future product Creates a market need even before the product is available in the market Can reveal to competitors what the company is doing and, thus, keep them out of this market If it is your competitor who is involved with the customers then the ideas from the customers will go to benefit their competitor

13. Advantages of involving customers 7 Ideas for completely new product can emerge when dealing with the customer Contact with the customers can be a way to market other products of the company

14. R&D generations Good answers in general Missing: the introduction of the portfolio management and strategic approach in 3 rd generation Applicability, maybe differences also, can be discussed in a separate paragraph Give examples 7 th generation: Excellent answers

15. How to construct a strong exam answer 0 You can be given credit only for the things that you have written on your exam paper Write down everything that you know! Avoid saying something wrong. This will lower your grade

16. How to construct a strong exam answer 1 Demonstrate understanding, do not just reiterate what was in the course material Try to add knowledge and insight that was not included in the study material Add your own points Give examples of the points that you make

17. How to construct a strong exam answer 2 Discuss the application area; discuss the theoretical rigor You are allowed to be critical but you need to carefully justify your stand

18. How to construct a strong exam answer 3 Read the question carefully Pay attention to the sub-questions

19. How to construct a strong exam answer 4 Bulleted point are not enough A list of bulleted points needs an idea sentence before it

20. How to construct a strong exam answer 5 Use heading and subheadings Use graphs and other illustrations A table can be very illustrative

21. How to construct a strong exam answer 6 Do not use abbreviations without explaining them Use legible handwriting

22. How to construct a strong exam answer 7 Do not waist your time and the reader’s time “In the course we discussed different generations of R&D management. Altogether six different generations were identified. In the following I am describing the different generations. Only a general discussion is possible here. Other points could be added also.”