1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science CHAPTER 1- PHYSICAL SCIENCE

2. Section 1- What is physical science? Science- the study of the natural world I. Skills scientists use A. Observing- use 2 or more senses to get info 1. sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell 2. Use each day 3. qualitative- no measurements/#’s 4. quantitative- has measurements/#’s B. Inference- explain you observation 1. From what you already know 2. Could be wrong C. Predicting- make a statement about the future 1. based on experience/ current info 2. based on data= not a guess II. Physical Sci = study of matter and energy A. Chemistry- properties of matter and how it changes B. Physics- study of matter, energy, motion and forces

3. What is Physical Science? The study of the natural world…

4. SKILLS SCIENTIST USE: Observing = using one or more senses to gather information a. see b. taste c. smell d. touch e. hear

5. Inferring When you explain your observations, you are inferring, or making an inference Ex. What can you infer from these pictures?

6. Predicting Statements about the future/ forecast of what will happen based on past experience or evidence= prior knowledge EX. What will happen next?

7. III. Chemistry vs. Physics A. Chemistry The study of what matter is and how it changes. 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Physical and chemical bonds B. Physics 1. The study of how matter, energy, motion and forces work.

8. Ch 1. 2- Scientific Inquiry- the process used in scientific thinking and problem solving I. Process of inquiry A. Question- about world around you 1. Based on an observation 2. Answer based on evidence/scientific data 3. Not opinion based B. Hypothesis- possible answer to a question 1. can be tested 2. based on prior knowledge/experience C. Experiment- test a hypothesis 1. set parameters- factors that can be measured a. manipulated variable- the factor that you change (test) b. responding variable, changes because of another variable change. D. Data- facts, figures and other info gathered from experiment 1. Data table- organized way to collect data 2. Qualitative and quantitative 3. Analyze data using graphs a. Line- trends over time/correlations b. Pie charts- %’s of a group c. Bar graphs- comparing 2 or more things http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/Graphing/

9. d. Scatter plot- relationships 1. line of best fit= line graph 2. positive correlation- 1 action increases another ex. More study= more A’s 3. negative correlation- 1 action decreases another ex. More brush teeth= fewer cavities

11. E. Conclusions- is hypothesis right/wrong 1. based on data 2. made after analyzing data from experiment 3. “My hypothesis was correct/incorrect based on the data that showed…” F. Communicating- share your results 1. others can repeat to check results 2. reports a. written b. Spoken c. Project/model

12. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science The scientific process does not require you to just think one step to another; many times you will need to do the steps out of order.

13. II. How Science Develops A. Model- when cant observe (ex.= other galaxies) B. Scientific theory- well tested explanation of observation C. Scientific law- scientists expect to happen every time

14. ACTIVE ART

15. VIRTUAL LAB: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

16. Chapter 1-Section 3 Measurement I.Standard Measurement System- A. International System of Units = SI B. Can compare data easily, all using same C. Metric system 1. Based on 10’s

17. II. Length- distance A. Meter- base unit = 1 whole B. Metric Ruler- tool used for measurement C. 1 dimensional -cm III.Weight and Mass A. Weight- amt of gravity on an object 1. newtons= units 2. dif on moon than Earth 3. measure using scale a. Stand on = spring scale b. Spring scale 1. Newtons or grams 2. 1 newton = 100 grams 4. Gets confused with mass because weight and mass are the same on Earth!

18. Spring Scale- measures the amount of gravitational force on an object… GRAVITY, measured in NEWTONS (N).

19. B. Mass= amt of matter (atoms) an object has 1. grams = si units 2. measure using 3 beam balance

20. 3 Beam Scale - Measures how much MATTER is in an object. 3 bars with different weights that slide from left to right: 1 gram, 10 grams, 100 grams. Total of all 3 weights = MASS in GRAMS (gm) of object on disk.

21. IV.Volume- the amt of space an object takes up 1. milliliters or cm cubed = units 2. measure using graduated cylinder (irregular shape) or metric ruler (reg. shape) a. Grad cylinder- tube with mL marks 1. meniscus is curve of water at top, measure to bottom of it 2. displacement method- amt of water moved or ‘displaced’ b. Ruler= LXWXH in cm cubed (to 3 rd pwr)

22. Graduated Cylinder- measures the amount of SPACE and object takes up. Use the displacement method to find the amount of water moved out of the way (displaced) = VOLUME in MILLILITERS (ml) Meniscus

23. V. Density= Mass / volume A. Ratio of grams/cm or grams/mL = units!! B. Density is a characteristic of substances, can identify by it C. Can predict float or sink

24. VI. Time- A. SI unit = seconds B. Stop watch or clock

25. VII. Temperature- the amt of energy in an obj A. Celsius- common 1. water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 B. Kelvin- si unit 1. same measurements as celsius 2. o degrees = absolute zero C. Thermometers = tool

26. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science

27. Chapter 1.4- Math and Science I.Estimation- an approximation of a # based on reasonable assuptions. A.Not the same as guessing B.Scientists must sometimes rely on when cant get exact #’s II.Accuracy and Reproducibility A.Accuracy- how close a measurement is to the tru value 1.It is important to be as accurate as possible to make sure data is correct 2.Need to make measurements carefully B.Reproducibility- how close a group of measurements are to e/o, 1.It is important to be able to do the experiment again and get the same results 2.Need to repeat measurement a few times

28. Chapter 1.5- Graphs in Science I.Line graph- shows correlations A.X-axis = horizontal 1. input 2.manipulated variable 3.independent variable 4.domain B.Y- axis = vertical 1. output 2.Responding variable 3.Dependant variable 4.range

29. A.Steps to plotting a line graph 1.Make a data table with x/y 2.Draw x and y axis 3.Mark origin (0,0) 4.Label x and y axis, describe what they represent 5.Create a scale appropriate for you # values 6.Plot each data point (x, y) 7.Draw a line of best fit through the scatter plot = trend 8.Find slope= y-y x-x

30. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Step 1- Make a data table

31. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Step 2 -- Draw axis, add, lables and origin, create scale, plot points, draw line of best fit to see trend.

32. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Positive correlation = positive slope (points to the right) Ex. increase in time = increase in distance Slope = 25 – 10 = 15 = 0.5 50 – 20 30 Slope =0.5 km per minute This is the RATE of the car.

33. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Negative correlation = negative slope (points to the left) Ex. increase in distance = decrease in number of shots made

34. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science A curved graph shows acceleration, it is not a constant change or slope.

35. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science After how long did the bike stop?

36. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Nonlinear graphs – no “line” ar. This graph may still show a trend over a multi- yearly time.

37. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science This scatter plot shows no trend, a line of best fit cannot be drawn.

38. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Chapter 1.6- Lab Safety

39. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Science Preparation leads to safe environments!