1. Distribution of Sports Getting the Experience to the Fans Written by: Memory Reed Georgia CTAE Resource Network 2010

2. Distributing the Game Individual teams within a professional league are separately operated businesses, but they are not in competition with each other as they would be in a free open market. Each team is a member of a cartel. A cartel is a combination of independent businesses formed to regulate production, pricing, and marketing of a product.

3. The professional leagues (NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL) are all sports cartels Pro leagues are independent sports teams grouped together and governed by a league agreement The league controls the marketing mix of the team – including distribution In most cases cartels are prohibited by federal anti-trust law. Pro leagues are allowed to have cartels because of special legislation which exempts them from anti-trust laws. Cartels

4. Deciding Distribution Regions with a large potential customer base are considered favorable for a team Owners try to get public funds to subsidize the team Tax paid subsidies have to be approved by the voters – often called corporate welfare

5. Attracting A Sports Team There are fewer teams than the NFL can support The lack of teams forces the cities to compete Offering the best facilities at the best price helps the cities compete for teams Until 1960, teams were responsible for their own playing facility Now cities help support facilities through taxes

6. Some franchises sell the naming rights to their facilities - for large amounts of money (EX: Phillips Arena, The Staples Center) In the 1990’s tax payers began showing resistance to helping pay the bills for athletic facilities The money a team makes from attendance, broadcasting rights, and concessions pay the salaries for the players Player salaries continue to rise dramatically It’s All About the Money

7. It Takes Money The economics of pro sports involves huge amounts of money and risk on the part of the owners Few are willing to jeopardize their fortunes without the opportunity to profit from the venture New stadiums offer luxury suites and upscale restaurants that increase the chances of profits, but these things do not guarantee attracting a team 1989- the Astrodome - $156 million publicly financed New stadiums cost around $500 million plus approx. $100 million per year

8. The biggest profit center is television revenue TV revenue is generated through the sale of advertising time Networks sell ad time and buy the right to air games TBS & CBS have just made a deal with the NBA for rights for the next 15 years The Big Ticket – TV

9. The cost per minute of TV advertising is based on the number of viewers TV ratings are important in deciding which city gets a professional team When 3 of the 14 biggest TV markets lost their professional football teams the ratings dropped considerably Ratings – Getting Viewers

10. Other Options An alternative to the high cost of public financing is community ownership The local government or the fans own the team – the Green Bay Packers sell stock for the support of their team Currently public ownership is forbidden in most cases

11. Rule changes are being made because of the high cost of franchises and the aging of owners The NFL has more rules and controls than the other leagues The MLB & NBA have syndicate ownership in some cases – something the NFL has tried to avoid Changes in Rules

12. Vertical Integration in Sports Sports teams vertically integrate by owning all levels –Minor league teams –Major league teams Groups own different teams- –Atlanta Spirit – runs Phillips Arena –Manages Hawks & Thrashers –Manages Entertainment Events

13. BALL GAME!!!