1. EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS & TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS Unit 2 Day 2

2. THOMAS HOBBES Leviathan, (1642-1651) Hobbes argues for the necessity and natural evolution of the social contract. agreeing to abide by common rules rule by an absolute sovereign Republican government Rights of the individual

3. JOHN LOCKE Influenced by Hobbes Believed that government is based on an agreement between people and their rulers ("social contract"). He felt that people have the right to life, liberty, and property. Developed the ideas of Limited Government (with Hobbes) and Consent of the Governed

4. CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED Based on Locke’s Social Contract Theory People are source of power People give consent to government to rule Government provides protection of natural rights

6. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU Montesquieu developed the philosophy of separation of powers Political freedom could only be created by separating political powers into different branches

7. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU Believed that all men are equal. Helped develop the ideas of Natural Rights Philosophy with Locke Ideas from the Natural Rights Philosophy can be seen in the Declaration of Independence

8. DEVISING A NEW NATION At the time of the founding of our nation several forms of governments existed…  Monarchy  Oligarchy  Aristocracy All are based on elite rule and give few rights to the people who live under them. The colonists did not want to live under the systems they had suffered under in the Old World so they established a new system: a federal democracy.

9. MONARCHY = RULE BY ONE Definition: Supreme power or sovereignty held by one person; A state or nation ruled by one person, a monarch Examples: United Kingdom Spain Japan

10. OLIGARCHY = RULE BY FEW Definition: A small group of people having control of a country Examples: Sparta (in ancient Greece) South Africa (during the 20 th century)

11. ARISTOCRACY = RULE BY THE FEW ELITE Definition: A form of government in which the nobility hold the power Examples: Brahman Caste in India Patricians in Rome

12. DEMOCRACY = RULE BY THE MANY Definition: A system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences. Examples: United States France

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 1. popular consent 2. popular sovereignty 3. majority rule 4. individualism 5. Equality of opportunity 6. personal liberty 7. civil society