1. New Mexico

2. New Mexico Salute I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.

3. Zia=Pueblo Indians of New Mexico

4. New Mexico State Flag Zia Symbol of Sun=New Mexico State Flag Colors of New Mexico state flag are red and yellow to appear as the sun on a yellow field The colors were also picked to honor Spanish Queen Isabella and the conquistadors who explored in her name

5. Zia Symbol of the Sun  Four is the sacred number of the Zia and can be found repeated in the four points radiating from the circle. Four  The number four is shown throughout the New Mexico Flag  the four points of the compass (north, south, east, and west);  the four seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn and winter);  the four periods of each day (morning, noon, evening and night);  the four seasons of life (childhood, youth, middle years and old age); and

6. Ch 6-Pueblos revolt against Spain  Pueblo Indians suffer hard times in New Mexico-disease, change in weather, drought, starvation  Pueblo Indians from all over New Mexico unite and revolt against Spain because Spain was killing their Pueblo leaders and not allowing Pueblos to practice their religion  Pueblo leaders knew when to revolt because of the secret plan. Each Pueblo leader had yucca plant cords and each one of the knots would be untied to determine how many days remained until the revolt.

7. Ch 6-Pueblos revolt against Spain  Pueblos revolted against Spain-many people are killed during the fight.  Settlers who lived in the area of the Rio Arriba or “area up the river” from Santa Fe, suffered the greatest losses  The Spaniards (Governor Otermin) left Santa Fe because of the Pueblo attacks  Spaniards are defeated by Pueblo but wonder….Should we reconquer New Mexico???

8. Ch 7-Reconquest of New Mexico  Spain (Don Diego de Vargas) decide to return to New Mexico and reconquer territory.  Spain reconquered New Mexico because they needed border protection (buffer zone), wanted to convert Indians to Christianity, and were upset that Spain’s was defeated by the Pueblos in the Americas

9. Ch 7-Reconquest of New Mexico  After Spain took over New Mexico again, Pueblo Indians became apostates.  Apostates are Pueblo Indians who left New Mexico. Pueblo Indians left NM because they did not want to obey Spanish rules/religion.  The Pueblo Indian population declines because of disease and some Pueblos are apostates so towns or pueblos become abandoned  One group of settlers from Santo Domingo built a new pueblo called Laguna near Acoma  Spain began forming villas or towns for defense and trade. In 1706, the Spanish villa south of Santa Fe on the Rio Grande was founded and called Albuquerque

10. Ch 7-Comanche Raids in New Mexico  New Indian group called the Comanches appeared in New Mexico and began taking over New Mexico’s territory. Comanche chief, Cuerno Verde aka Green Horn would lead raids in New Mexico where Comanche's took horses, food, and killed many people during their raids  The Spaniards and Pueblo Indians united to protect New Mexico against Comanche raids  By surprise attacks and ambushes both the Spanish and Pueblo Indians defeated the Comanches

11. Ch7-Outside French Threats to New Mexico  Spain felt French claims to Louisiana threatened New Mexico. Spain wanted to protect the rich mining areas of northern New Spain from all outside threats and NM was a buffer zone to keep foreigners (French) out of Spanish territory  Spain did not want French traders coming to NM, by law NM could not trade with foreigners-but New Mexicans traded anyways because trade brought them profits.

12. Ch7-Outside French Threats to New Mexico  In 1803, U.S. buys Louisiana from French. Spaniards were concerned about the Louisiana Purchase because they did not know the boundaries the U.S. would claim for new land.  American explorers went and explored their new territory, Louisiana. Explorer, Zebulon Pike, entered Spanish territory (Rocky Mountains and Santa Fe) and was arrested by Spain. Pike wrote a book about New Mexico which interested U.S. traders and gave the outside world the first view of the Spanish settlements. Pike praised the people of NM

13. Ch 8-New Mexico’s Population  The population that developed in New Mexico was people of mixed blood (castes). New Mexico’s population was diverse because there were Native Americans, Spaniards, Mestizos (children born of Spaniards and Indians), and mulattoes (children born of black and white parents)

14. Ch 8-NM An Isolated Frontier  New Mexico was a frontier area because it marked the northernmost advance of Spanish settlement. There were no settlements beyond New Mexico. Frontier life was hard because of Indian attacks.  New Mexico was isolated from other settlements. New Mexicans traded and bartered for outside goods to help themselves since they were isolated. New Mexico was an open society meaning Indians worked the same jobs as the Spanish or castes.

15. Ch 8-New Mexico Farming and Homes  The farm work and building on New Mexico’s small farms was done mainly by men but women also helped on the farms. The building of adobe houses was also done by both the men and women. On the contrary, the cooking in colonial New Mexico was done only by the women.

16. Ch 8-New Mexico Land Ownership  Spanish settlers became landowners in New Mexico. Land was given to settlers through land grants. The King would give land grants but he gave the power to the Governor of New Mexico to give out land grants. Spanish governors used land grants as a way to defend New Mexico because once a settler received land they would defend their land.

17. CH 9-New Mexico under Mexican Rule  Spanish rule has ended and New Mexico becomes part of Mexico  New Mexicans were excited that Spanish rule ended because they had more freedoms. One freedom was to trade with outsiders.  Santa Fe quickly became New Mexico’s main trading center

18. Santa Fe Trade  Mostly from Missouri, the traders reached New Mexico by crossing plains and mountains.  Trade met the needs of New Mexicans-they could buy goods that they needed (clothing, building materials, candles, paper, ink, books, medicine, foods, spices)  Pg 181-Draw Santa Fe Trail in Notes

19. Fur Trade  Fur was a very popular item to trade=fashion trend  The mountain men (French Canadian + U.S. fur trappers) came to work in New Mexico illegally.  They did not have permission to trap beaver in the area- Mexican law said that only residents of Mexico could trap beaver for their fur  Since the demand for furs was great mountain men willingly risked getting arrested to trap fur in New Mexico  Taos becomes the headquarters for the fur trade

20. Fur Trade  New Mexico became open to outsiders and newcomers continued to arrive.  Fur trade changed New Mexico’s economy and helped to break down New Mexico’s isolation from the outside world.

21. New Mexico-a frontier area  Frontier area is a place where explorers, pioneers and settlers were arriving but can be very dangerous because of Indian raids and little protection

22. Ch 10 Mexican-American War  1844- U.S. believes in Manifest destiny.  Manifest Destiny is to expand U.S. territory westward  U.S. president, James K Polk, tries to buy California and part of NM from Mexico BUT Mexico says NO=War between Mexico and U.S.!

23. War between Mexico and America  U.S. wants Mexico’s land- U.S. General Kearny and Army of the West led an army which captured Santa Fe  U.S. army (Missouri Volunteers) continues manifest destiny and won the battle of El Brazito (pg 205)

24. 1847 Rebellion  Revolt by New Mexicans who hated change-saw Anglo Americans (white people) as foreigners  Wanted to return to their old ways of living  Revolt begins in Taos against the Americans  Taos rebels are defeated and future of New Mexico rested with the U.S.

25. U.S.A and Mexico make peace The Mexican-American War ended in 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and the U.S. received territory from Mexico (map pg 209)

26. U.S.A gains land from Mexico  U.S. paid Mexico $15 million dollars for land to help Mexico pay off their debts  Borders of these states (New Mexico) are unclear so term “New Mexico” applied to all land East of California and West of Texas

27. Borders  The U.S. and Mexico argued over their border.  U.S. offered Mexico $10 million dollars for desert land in present day New Mexico and Arizona (map on pg. 212)  Gadsden Purchase did 2 things… 1. fixed the border conflict 2.provided a route for the railroad to move across the country-railroad would be easy to build on flat land

28. Santa Fe Ring  Land grants become a problem in NM because now land grant owners had to show proof they owned the land and paperwork had been lost.  American lawyers, Thomas Catron, that handled the land grant claims were called the Santa Fe Ring because they worked to gain much of the land for themselves=corrupt!!  About 80% of Mexican and Spanish land grants ended up in lawyers hands.

29. New Mexico becomes U.S. Territory  1850, new Mexico would not be a new state right away so NM became a U.S. territory.  New Mexico was finally given defines borders  Pg 212 Draw The New Mexico Territory 1850-1862  Texas claim as its boundary with Mexico was the Rio Grande River

30. Ch 11-Troubled Days in Territorial New Mexico  U.S. Civil War begins in 1861-Union (north states) vs Confederate (south states)  New Mexico was split between favoring the Union in northern New Mexico and favoring the Confederate in south eastern (by Texas)New Mexico  Confederate general wanted to capture Santa Fe because Santa Fe=trade and Santa Fe would be confederate

31. Civil War in New Mexico  Battle of Glorieta Pass ended the Confederate plans for New Mexico and land west of New Mexico  Battle of Glorieta Pass became the “Gettysburg of the West” and changed the Civil War in the West

32. Reservation Indian Policy  Indians raids take place during the Civil War. Non-Pueblo (Apache and Navajo) Indians took livestock and killed many New Mexicans  Apache and Navajos raided until General James Carleton arrived in New Mexico to focus on the Indian problem.  Reservation is an area set aside for Indians to live in.  Carlton created the Reservation Indian Policy because of the Indian Problem.

33. Reservation  Indians would learn Christianity, become farmers, and government would direct their lives at reservations.  U.S. army moved Apache warriors and their families to the Bosque Redondo Reservation on the Pecos River.  Colonel Carson waged war on the Navajos next…Carson meant to destroy the Navajos mean to survive until they were ready to give up and join reservation life  Navajos made the “Long Walk”-at gunpoint the Navajos left their homeland and walked 300 miles to the Bosque Redondo Reservation

34. Buffalo Soldiers  Buffalo soldiers were Black Soldiers who were part of the U.S. Army fighting in New Mexico. Indians called them Buffalo Soldiers because their curly hair resembled that of the buffalo.  The Buffalo soldiers gained respect from the Indians they fought and helped bring peace to New Mexico

35. Lincoln County War  In the late 1870s the Lincoln County War broke out between ranchers and the owners of the county's largest general storeLincoln County Warranchers

36. Billy the Kid  William Bonney, better known as Billy the Kid, became involved in the Lincoln County War on the side of the ranchers after his friend and employer was killed.Billy the Kid  In the end, Billy the Kid killed the sheriff and deputy that killed his friend, another deputy. Several other people were killed in the conflictBilly the Kid

37. New Mexico becomes U.S. State!! On January 6, 1912, New Mexico is admitted into the U.S. as the 47th state. How many years ago did New Mexico become a state?