1. Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology

2. Introduction how should we define psychological disorders? how should we understand disorders? how should we classify psychological disorders?

3. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

4. Defining Psychological Disorders psychological disorders –deviant behavior –distressful behavior –harmful dysfunctional behavior definition varies by context/culture

5. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model Philippe Pinel Medical model –mental illness (psychopathology)

6. Medical Model: a mental illness (psychopathology) must be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and cured or treated in a psychiatric setting

7. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach interaction of nature and nurture influence of culture on disorders

8. Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –DSM-5 international classification of diseases (ICD-10) criticisms of the DSM

9. diagnosis: distinguishing one disease from another prognosis: a forecast about the probable course of an illness epidemiology: the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population etiology: apparent causation and developmental history of an illness prevalence: the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specific time period lifetime prevalence: the percentage of people who endure a specific disorder at any time in their lives

10. Classifying Psychological Disorders

17. The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders

21. 6 categories of psychological disorders anxiety disorders somatoform disorders dissociative disorders mood disorders schizophrenia disorders personality disorders

22. Anxiety Disorders

23. Anxiety disorders –Generalized anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder –Panic disorderPanic disorder –PhobiaPhobia –Obsessive-compulsive disorderObsessive-compulsive disorder –Post-traumatic stress disorderPost-traumatic stress disorder

24. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder –2/3 women –Free floating anxiety

25. Panic Disorder Panic disorder –Panic attacks

26. Phobias –Specific phobia –Social phobia –Agoraphobia

27. Phobias

29. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder –an obsession versus a compulsion –checkers –hand washers

30. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

35. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder –PTSD –“shellshock” or “battle fatigue” –not just due to a war situation Post-traumatic growth

36. Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Learning Perspective fear conditioning –stimulus generalization –reinforcement observational learning preparedness cognitive processes

37. Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Biological Perspective natural selection genes –anxiety gene –glutamate the brain –anterior cingulate cortex concordance rate

38. Somatoform Disorders

39. Somatoform Disorder somatoform disorder –somatic (body) –somatization disorder –conversion disorderconversion disorder –hypochondriasishypochondriasis

40. etiology of somatoform disorders personality factors cognitive factors “the sick role”

41. Dissociative Disorders

42. Dissociative disorders –Fugue state –Dissociate (become separated)

43. Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder (DID) –Multiple personality disorder

44. Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder genuine disorder or not? DID rates therapist’s creation differences are too great

45. etiology of dissociative disorders personality role of therapist/investigator history or rejection or abuse

46. Mood Disorders

47. Mood disorders –Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder –Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

48. Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder –Lethargy –Feelings of worthlessness –Loss of interest in family and friends –Loss of interest in activities

49. Major Depressive Disorder

50. Bipolar Disorder –mania (manic)mania overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc. –bipolar disorder and creativity

51. characteristicsmanicDepressive emotionalelated, euphoric, sociable, impatient gloomy, hopeless, withdrawn cognitiveracing thoughts, desire for action, impulsive, talkative, delusions of grandeur slow thought processes, obsessions, indecision, negative self-image, guilt motorhyperactive, tireless, increased sex drive, fluctuating appetite tired, inert, sleepless, decreased sex drive, appetite

52. Understanding Mood Disorders many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression depression is widespread compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression most major depressive episodes self-terminate stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often precede depression with each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

53. Understanding Mood Disorders

54. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective genetic influences –mood disorders run in families heritability the depressed brain biochemical influences –norepinephrine and serotonin

55. Understanding Mood Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact –self-defeating beliefs learned helplessness overthinking –explanatory style stable, global, internal explanations –cause versus indictor of depression? –xxx

56. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

57. Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression

58. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

62. Schizophrenia

63. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia (split mind)Schizophrenia –not multiple personalities (DID)

64. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking disorganized thinking –delusionsdelusions delusions of persecution paranoia word salad –breakdown in selective attention

65. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disturbed Perceptions disturbed perceptions –hallucinations hearing voices disturbed emotion

66. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Inappropriate Emotions and Actions inappropriate emotions –flat affect inappropriate actions –catatonia –disruptive social behavior

67. Types of Schizophrenia

68. Onset and Development statistics on schizophrenia onset of the disease positive versus negative symptoms chronic (process) schizophrenia –slow developing acute (reactive) schizophrenia –rapidly developing

69. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities dopamine overactivity –dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor –dopamine blocking drugs glutamate

70. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy –frontal lobe and core brain activity –fluid filled areas of the brain

71. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities maternal virus during pregnancy –studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia –influence of the flu during pregnancy

72. Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors genetic predisposition twin studies genetics and environmental influences

73. Personality Disorders

74. personality disorders –anxiety cluster –eccentric cluster –dramatic/impulsive cluster

75. anxious/fearful cluster disorderdescription% m/f avoidantexcessively sensitive to rejection, humiliation, shame; socially withdrawn despite desire for acceptance 50/50 dependentexcessively lacking in self-reliance, self-esteem; passive, subordinates needs to others’ needs 31/69 obsessive- compulsive defective capacity for forming social relationships; absence of warn feelings for others 50/50

76. odd/eccentric cluster disorderdescription% m/f schizoiddefective capacity for forming social relationships; absence of warm feelings for others 78/22 schizotypalsocial deficits, oddities in thinking, perception, communication, resembles schizophrenia 55/45 paranoidpervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness, mistrust; overly sensitive, jealous 67/33

77. dramatic/impulsive cluster disorderdescription% m/f histrionicoverly dramatic, exaggerated expressions of emotion, egocentric, attention-seeking 15/85 narcissisticgrandiosely self-important, preoccupied with success fantasies, expects special treatment, lacks interpersonal empathy 70/30 borderlineunstable self-image, mood; impulsive interpersonal relationships; unpredictable 38/62 antisocialchronically violates rights of others; failure to accept social norms, to form attachments to others or to sustain consistent work behavior; exploitive and reckless 82/18

78. Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial personality disorder –sociopath or psychopath understanding antisocial personality disorder

79. ADHD Eating Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

80. insanity involuntary commitment culture bound disorders

81. Rates of Disorder

82. Mental health statistics Influence of poverty Other factors

83. The End

84. Definition Slides

85. Psychological Disorder = deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

86. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) = a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

87. Medical Model = the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital.

88. DSM-IV-TR = the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as of 2000 “text revision”; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

89. Anxiety Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

90. Generalized Anxiety Disorder = an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

91. Panic Disorder = an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

92. Phobia = an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

93. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) = an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

94. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) = an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

95. Post-traumatic Growth = positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

96. Somatoform Disorder = psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

97. Conversion Disorder = a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found.

98. Hypochondriasis = a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease.

99. Dissociative Disorders = disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

100. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) = a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

101. Mood Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

102. Major Depressive Disorder = a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

103. Mania = a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

104. Bipolar Disorder = a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic- depressive disorder.)

105. Schizophrenia = a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

106. Delusions = false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

107. Personality Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

108. Antisocial Personality Disorder = a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.