1. Women Sex- whether an individual is biologically male or female Gender-the role of a male or female as determined by society or cultures Sexism- discrimination based upon one’s sex or gender Examples of stereotypical views -Women do not have physical strength / endurance to undertake same sport/activity as men e.g. Hammer, pole vault, triple jump at Olympics for Women. -It is not considered feminine to compete aggressively -Women may damage their ability to bear children if they engage in excessive PA. -Women who train hard develop musculature-look more masculine -A woman’s role is to be the care giver, mother, home maker-not compatible with competitive sport. What factors might prevent females from participating in sport? -Sport is male dominated -Not much media coverage -Receive less support from friends/family -Facilities/sport infrastructure have lagged behind for women -Media coverage for wrong reasons e.g. Looks -Less sponsorship -Not as much leisure time What could be done to encourage and increase participation levels of women? -More media coverage -More sponsorship -More money / investment -Flexible times at leisure centres Initiatives -Sport England-equality scheme ‘No limits’ policy -Sports Equality Alliance -Women’s Sports Foundation (WSF)-Advice, support, opportunities e..g. Women into coaching scheme.

2. Ethnic Groups Ethnic group- a group of people who share common origins-be it cultural, religious, racial or linguistic. Factors which may prevent a particular race participating in sport -Stereotyping e.g. Black men and sprinting -Role models-lack of -Bullying-fear of discrimination -Location-where you live e.g. Cities -Discrimination due to sport e.g. American Football-white male seen as most intelligent -Lack of disposable income perhaps -Reaching elite level sport may be seen as not important What could be done to encourage and increase participation? -Offer opportunities e.g. Clubs, -Offer wide range of activities -Encouragement from school/PE staff/society -Role models Initiatives -The sports Equality Alliance (Sport England) -Sporting Equals-’ to eradicate racial discrimination in sport’.-raise awareness, help, challenge. -Campaigns e.g. ‘kick racism out of football’

3. Disability A person with a disability has some form of impairment which affects their ability to engage in an activity. Impairment-any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. Disability profiles in sport (5 categories) -Amputees-at least one major joint missing -Cerebral palsy- disorder of movement and posture due to damage to areas of brain -Wheelchair-at least 10% loss of function of lower limbs -Vision impaired -Les Autres- any others e.g. dwarfism Factors which might prevent disabled people participate in sport -Not good enough facilities/equipment to cater e.g. Leisure centre/schools -Stereotyping/way perceived -May feel as invisible/ignored -Should disabled people be able to participate with able bodied/visa versa -Lack of status/role models/public recogniti on What could be done to encourage participation levels? -Improve facilities -Coaches -designation opening hours -Role models e.g. Tani grey Thompson -More media coverage e.g. Paralympics Initiatives -Disability sport England, National Disability sport organisations, British Paralympic Association (BPA)

4. Social class Social class determined by socio- economic group -8 groups of socio-economic class Disposable income- money left over after essentials for living have been taken out How can class affect participation in sport? -Finance / disposable income -Association of some sports with money e.g. Golf, tennis, sailing etc -Discrimination or fear of -Less leisure time (lower socio-economic) -Schools magnifying social class -Location -Transport -Depends of school-reputation -Unemployed underrepresented -Lower income-poorer health -Less space in cities What might be done to break down sporting barriers? -Facilities could be improved -Money off schemes Initiatives -The community Club Development Programme- supporting clubs in areas of greatest social deprivation -Sport Action Zones-Bringing benefits of sport to deprived communities. -Respect Athlete Mentoring Programme (RAMP)-Use role models to improve lives of disadvantaged, help motivate/inspire.