1. The Introduction of Saussure and Chomsky ——12 英语 2 班 丁王婷、陈楠、刘燕妹 庞林艳、高志鹏、翟小波

2. Saussure

3. 1 、 Work  Course in General Linguistics 《普通语言学教程》 It was posthumously published in 1916. It is considered Saussure’s most influential work. His ideas in this book leave a monumental impact. （它被追授出版于 1916 年。它被认为是 索绪尔的最有影响力的作品。他在这本 书的想法对后人有着巨大的影响。）

4. 2 、 Viewpoints  1)It is only the consistency in the system of signs that allows communication of the concept each sign signifies.  2)If words stood for pre-existing concepts they would have exact equivalents in meaning from one language to the next and this is not so. Different languages divide up the world differently.

5.  3)There are some misunderstandings about the onomatopoeic( 拟声词、声喻法的 ) effect on the arbitrariness of language.  4)Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative,and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious.

6. 3 、 Contributions to Linguistics 1. Semiotics Language is a subject based on symbol and meaning. 2. Langue and parole Linguistics only can “study language by learning it”, excluding any interferences of the non-language factors. 3. Synchronic and diachronic 4. Syntagmatic relations and paradigmatic relations They are the nucleus of Sussurean theory.

7. 5.The main object of study should be spoken language, not written language. 6. Signifier and signified 7.One of Saussure’s important findings is that text and general pragmatic syntax are different. 8. Laryngeal theory While a student, Saussure published an important work in Indo- European philology that proposed the existence of a class of sounds in Proto-Indo-European called laryngeals, outlining what is now known as the "Laryngeal theory."

8. Chomsky

9. 1 、 Linguistic theory  1.The basis to Chomsky's linguistic theory is that the principles underlying the structure of language are biologically determined in the human mind and hence genetically transmitted. He therefore argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of socio-cultural difference.In this he opposes the radical behaviourist psychology of B.F. Skinner, instead arguing that human language is unlike modes of communication used by any other animal species

10.  2.H is most influential and time-tested contribution to the field is the claim that modeling knowledge of language using a formal grammaraccounts for the "productivity" or "creativity" of language. In other words, a formal grammar of a language can explain the ability of a hearer-speaker to produce and interpret an infinite number of utterances, including novel ones, with a limited set of grammatical rules and a finite set of terms.

11. 3.Chomsky has argued that linguistic structures are at least partly innate, and that they reflect a "universal grammar" (UG) that underlies and can account for all human grammatical systems (in general known as mentalism). Chomsky based his argument on observations about human language acquisition.

12. 2 、 Influence   Chomsky's legacy is as both a "leader in the field" of linguistics and "a figure of enlightenment and inspiration" for political dissenters( 反对者 ).  Chomsky's work in linguistics has had impl- ications for modern psychology. Linguist John Lyons remarked that within a few decades of publication, Chomskyan linguistics had become "the most dynamic and influential" school of thought in the field. Chomskyan models have been used as a theoretical basis in various fields of study. The Chomsky hierarchy is often taught in fundamental computer science courses as it confers insight into the various types of formal languages. This hierarchy can also be discussed in mathematical terms and has generated interest among mathematicians, particularly combinatorialists. Some arguments in evolutionary psychologyare derived from his research results.

13. Thank you!