1. THE SHOOT

2. SHOOT MORPHOLOGY Shoot: vegetative shoot: stem + leaves
reproductive shoot – flower
nodus/node + internodium/internode
Seed-bearing plants: bipolar embryo: plumule  shoot
Functions:
supporting the plant
transport of nutrients
photosynthesis
food storage

3. Tissue structure of the shoot
 Epidermis - stomata
Primary cortex
- assimilatory ground tissue (chlorenchyma) and supporting ground tissue (collenchyma or sclerenchyma)
- intercellular cavities, resin ducts, essential oil cavities
- starch sheath (innermost layer of cortex)
Central vascular cylinder (Stele)
- more important than in root (transport)
compound vascular bundles
Dicots: eustele:
open collateral bundles – 1 or more rings
Monocots: atactostele:
closed collateral bundles – scattered

4. Tissue structure of the shoot
monocot stem
dicot stem
1. stem of corn (Zea mays) with scattered, closed collateral bundles.
2. stem of old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba) with open collateral bundles – arranged in rings
e: epidermis, ek: primary cortex, szk: sclerenchyma, h: phloem, f: xylem, k: cambium, b: pith, bs: medullary ray

5. Tissue structure of the shoot
bundles in 1 ring A
Aquilegia vulgaris
Cross section of dicot stem with 1 ring of vascular bundles:
A: stem of common columbine / granny’s nightcap (Aquilegia vulgaris) with a single ring of vascular bundles
ep: epidermis, a: ground tissue, b: pith or pith cavity

6. Tissue structure of the shoot
2 bundle rings
Cucurbita pepo B
Cross section of dicot stem with more than 1 ring of vascular bundles
B: stem of squash/pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) with 2 rings of vascular bundles
ep: epidermis, koll: collenchyma, szk: sclerenchyma, a: ground tissue, b: pith

7. Tissue structure of the shoot
3 bundle rings
Arctium lappa C
Cross section of dicot stem with more than 1 ring of vascular bundles
C: stem of burdock (Arctium lappa) with 3 rings of vascular bundles
ep: epidermis, koll: collenchyma, a: ground tissue, b: pith

8. Tissue structure of the shoot
epidermis
cortex
vascular bundles
pith (parenchyma)
(dicots)

9. collateral open bundle
lamellar collenchyma
Sambucus szár 4x
collateral open bundle
sclerenchyma
periderm
stem of Sambucus nigra

10. Absinthii herba_szár km._10x
stem of Artemisia absinthium
Absinthii herba_szár km._10x
sclerenchyma
epidermis

11. stem of Helianthus annuus
epidermis
stem of Helianthus annuus
lamellar
collenchyma

12. epidermis
bicollateral
bundles
lamellar
collenchyma
stem of Bryonia alba

13. Hyperici herba km10x stem of Hypericum perforatum xylem cambium phloem
epidermis

14. Euphrasiae herba_szár km_10x
stem of Euphrasia rostkoviana
Euphrasiae herba_szár km_10x
epidermis
angular
collenchyma
xylem
cambium
phloem

15. stem of Nerium oleander
epidermis
phloem (p), xylem (x)
p x
cambium
stem of Nerium oleander

16. Paeonia szár4x
phloem
cambium
xylem
stem of Paeonia sp.
epidermis

17. rhytidoma
resin
ducts
epithel cells
xylem
phloem
cambium
Pinus wallichiana

18. epidermis
Elodea hajtás km.4x
lacunes
aerenchyma
stem of Elodea sp.

19. Nymphaea szárkm.4x aerenchyma lacunes trichosclereids epidermis
stem of Nymphaea alba
epidermis

20. collateral closed bundles
epidermis
Zea mays szár km.4x
collateral closed bundles
(x: xylem, p: phloem)
x p
stem of maize

21. SHOOT TYPES
I. Above-ground shoots and their modifications II. Below-ground shoots
I. Above-ground / Aerial Shoots
A/ Woody stems
(1) Semi-shrubs / semi-woody shrubs
(2) Shrubs (true shrub, dwarf shrub, climbing shrub)
(3) Trees
a) trunk + crown (branches, twigs with leaves)
b) palm trees (leaves at top of unbranched stem)

22. semi-shrub semi-shrub
(lavander)
semi-shrub
(sage)

23. Salvia szár km 4x angular collenchyma phloem xylem epidermis
stem of Salvia officinalis

24. (Lonicera caprifolium)
true shrub
(Cotinus coggygria)
dwarf shrub
(Erica sp.)
climbing shrub
(Lonicera caprifolium)

25. trunk + crown palm trees

26. SHOOT TYPES I. Above-ground Stems B/ Herbaceous stems (5 types)
1. simple herbaceous stem: nodes + internodes
5. base peduncle
2. grass stem,
cane stem
4. base-stem / leaf-rosette
3. sedges
long flower-bearing stems
hollow internode
leaves

27. simple herbaceous stem
grass stem
simple herbaceous stem
(Dipsacus sp.)
cane stem

28. base-stem, leaf rosette (Sempervivum tectorum)
sedges
base peduncle
(Convallaria majalis, Primula veris)

29. SHOOT TYPES Above-ground Modified Shoots: (1) stolons / runners
(2) tendrils: a) stem tendril b) branch tendril
(3) thorns: a) stem thorn b) branch thorn
(4) succulent stem  cladodium
(5) leaf-like stem (phyllocladium)
(6) reproductive shoots: a) tubers b) bulbils
reproductive shoots:
tendril
tubers
bulbils
succulent stem i
runner
thorn
leaf-like stem

30. stem tendril (Humulus lupulus)
runner / stolon
(Fragaria vesca)
branch tendril
(Vitis vinifera)

31. (Rhamnus catharticus) (Robinia pseudoacacia)
stem thorn
(Rhamnus catharticus)
branch thorn
(Robinia pseudoacacia)
leaf-like stem
cladodium
(Opuntia sp.)
phyllocladium
(Ruscus aculeatus)

32. water storing ground tissue
(cells with mucilage)
Opuntia cladodium km.4x
cladodium
(Opuntia sp.)

33. tuber
(Saxifraga sp.)
bulbil
(Dentaria bulbifera)

34. SHOOT TYPES II. Below-ground (geophilic) shoots
rhizome tuber bulb corm
long-creeping
short-creeping

35. short-creeping rhizome (Polygonatum odoratum)
long-creeping rhizome
(Paris quadrifolia)

36. Convallaria rizóma km10x
rhizome
(Convallaria majalis)
Convallaria rizóma km10x
amphivasal bundles

37. rhizome
(Acorus calamus)
amphivasal bundles

38. Iris rizóma km.4x
amphivasal bundles
rhizome
(Iris sp.)

39. Graminis rhizoma_4x epidermis sclerenchyma primary cortex rhizome
(Agropyron repens)

40. (Taraxacum officinale)
rhizome
(Taraxacum officinale)
Taraxacum rizóma km 4x
xylem

41. Phragmites rizóma km.4x epidermis primary cortex stele collateral
rhizome
(Phragmites sp.)
epidermis
Phragmites rizóma km.4x
primary cortex
stele
collateral
closed bundles

42. tuber
(Solanum tuberosum)
bulb
(Allium cepa)
corm
(Colchicum
autumnale)