1. Radial head dislocation; Pulled elbow; Elbow - nursemaid's; ; Elbow subluxation; Dislocation – elbow partial Dislocation - radial head ; Radial head dislocation; Pulled elbow; Elbow - nursemaid's; ; Elbow subluxation; Dislocation – elbow partial Dislocation - radial head ; Definition Definition Nursemaid's elbow is a partial dislocation of the elbow, which occurs when the lower part of the arm (forearm) slips out of its normal position at the elbow joint. The injury is also called radial head dislocation dislocation. Causes. Causes Nursemaid's elbow is a common condition in young children and generally affects children under age 5. The injury occurs when a child is pulled up too hard by the hand or wrist. It is often seen after someone lifts a child up by one arm up. (For example, when trying to lift the child over a curb or high step.) Swinging a young child from the arms while playing can also cause this injury. When the injury occurs, the child usually begins crying immediately and refuses to use the arm. The child may hold the arm so that is slightly bent (flexed) at the elbow and pressed up against the belly (abdominal) area. The child will move the shoulder, but not the elbow. Some children stop crying as the immediate pain goes away, but continue to refuse to move the elbow. Once the elbow dislocates, it is likely to do so again, especially in the 3 or 4 weeks following the injury. Nursemaid's elbow does not usually occur after age 5. By this time, a child's joints and surround structures are stronger, and the child is less likely to be in a situation where this injury might occur. However, in some cases, the injury can occur in older children or adults, usually from a fracture of the forearm. Symptoms Return to top Return to topReturn to top Immediate crying Complaints of elbow pain elbow painelbow pain Refusing to use the arm that is injured Holding elbow slightly bent at the elbow Holding the lower part of the arm against the belly area (abdomen) Moving arm at shoulder but not elbow If you think your child has nursemaid's elbow: DO NOT move the child without first splinting the arm. DO NOT try to straighten the arm or change its position. Apply an ice pack to the elbow. Splint the injured arm in the position in which you found it. Keep the area both above and below the injured elbow from moving, including the shoulder and the wrist, if possible. Take the child to the doctor's office or emergency room. Exams and Tests Return to top Return to topReturn to top The health care provider will examine the child. The child will be unable to rotate the arm at the elbow so that the palm is up and will have trouble bending (flexing) the elbow all the way. Treatment Return to top Return to topReturn to top

2. When the injury occurs, the child usually begins crying immediately and refuses to use the arm. The child may hold the arm so that is slightly bent (flexed) at the elbow and pressed up against the belly (abdominal) area. The child will move the shoulder, but not the elbow. Some children stop crying as the immediate pain goes away, but continue to refuse to move the elbow. Once the elbow dislocates, it is likely to do so again, especially in the 3 or 4 weeks following the injury. Nursemaid's elbow does not usually occur after age 5. By this time, a child's joints and surround structures are stronger, and the child is less likely to be in a situation where this injury might occur. However, in some cases, the injury can occur in older children or adults, usually from a fracture of the forearm Symptoms Symptoms 1. Immediate crying 2. Complaints of elbow pain elbow painelbow pain 3. Refusing to use the arm that is injured 4. Holding elbow slightly bent at the elbow 5. Holding the lower part of the arm against the belly area (abdomen) 6. Moving arm at shoulder but not elbow If you think your child has nursemaid's elbow: DO NOT move the child without first splinting the arm. DO NOT try to straighten the arm or change its position.

3. Apply an ice pack to the elbow. Splint the injured arm in the position in which you found it. Keep the area both above and below the injured elbow from moving, including the shoulder and the wrist, if possible. Exams and Tests Exams and Tests The child will be unable to rotate the arm at the elbow so that the palm is up and will have trouble bending (flexing) the elbow all the way. Treatment Treatment The doctor will fix the dislocation by gently flexing the elbow and rotating the forearm so that the palm is facing upward. DO NOT try to do this yourself as you may harm the child. In some cases of frequently recurring nursemaid's elbow, Outlook (Prognosis) Outlook (Prognosis) If nursemaid's elbow remains untreated, it may result in permanent inability to fully move the elbow. With treatment, there is usually no permanent damage. Possible Complications Possible Complications In some cases, the child may have problems that limit movement of the arm. Prevention Prevention Avoid lifting a child by one arm only, either from the wrist or hand. Lift from under the arms, from the upper arm, or from both arms. Do not swing children by the hand or forearm. To swing a young child in circles, provide support under the arms and hold the upper body next to yours.

4. Golfers Elbow )Throwers Elbow ( Medial Epicondylitis Golfer elbow is a similar injury to tennis elbow only it affects the inside of the elbow instead. Golfer elbow is more common in throwers and golfers hence the 'nicknames'. Also known as flexor / pronator tendinopathy this elbow pain is seen in tennis players who use a lot of top spin on their forehand shots. Symptoms of golfer elbow include: 1. Pain on the bony bit on the inside of the elbow. 2. Weakness in the wrist. 3. Pain on the inside of the elbow when you grip something hard. 4. Pain when wrist flexion (bending the wrist palm downwards) is resisted. 5. Pain on resisted wrist pronation - rotating inwards (thumb downwards).

5. Treatment… Treatment… primary measures 1. Ice the injury for two days (20 min's on up to six times a day) Ice the injury Ice the injury 2. Rest Rest is a very important component in the healing of this injury. It may heal quickly within two weeks but you could suffer with this problem for longer. When the symptoms have settled down it is essential you fully rehabilitate and strengthen the elbow and follow guidelines that will help you avoid the injury in the future: 3.. After 2 days apply heat and use a heat retainer.. Definitive measures Definitive measures 1. Apply ultrasound or laser treatment. 2. Prescribe anti-inflammatory medication. 3. Use sports massage techniques. 4. Give a steroid injection. 5. Correct technique - especially if you are a thrower. See a good coach if you are not sure how. 6. Use a forearm brace or heat retainer if you have a weak wrist or elbow.

6. Olecranon bursitis student elbow neighbours elbow. The bursa behind the olecranon process sometimes becomes enlarged as a result of pressure or friction. When it becomes painful; it is likely to be infection, gout or rheumatoid arthritis. A. Traumatic bursitis (students elbow). The bursa is distended with clean fluid. Treatment: first by aspiration followed by injection of hydrocortisone into the bursa, if the swelling reoccur then the bursa should be excised.

7. B.Septic bursitis If only inflammation: course of antibiotics but if it becomes an abscess with pus, then treatment is incision for adequate drainage. C.Gouty bursitis There is usually a history of previous attack. Could be bilateral. There is whitish deposite of sodium biurate (tophi), and it maybe visible through the walls of the bursa. In acute attack it is difficult to distinguish it from septic bursitis (unless pus is aspirated).If it is troublesome: excision of the bursa. D.Rheumatoid arthritis: Causes both swelling and nodularity over the olecranon. In almost all the cases it is associated with typical symmetrical polyarthritis.