1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. India and Pakistan Early Societies in South Asia 1

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early and Paleolithic Cultures  Ancestors of the human species  Homo erectus (“Java Man” and “Peking Man”)  Used stone tools  By 1.7 mya  Homo sapiens ca. 70, 000 in India  Early culture  Use of fire and weapons  Creation of cave paintings © 2014, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Neolithic Revolution ca. 10, 000 b.c.e in India  Elements of civilization  Permanent settlements (cities), increase in population, accumulation of surpluses, writing, and specialization  Early cradles of civilization  Southwest Asia in the Tigris-Euphrates region of Mesopotamia, Indus River, Sarasvati  Large-scale agriculture generally based on grain  Domestication of animals by 10, 000 © 2014, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Societies in India 4

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Foundations of Harappan – MohenjoDaro Society in India/Pakistan  The Indus River  Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges  Major society built by indigenous Dravidian peoples, 5000-2000 BCE  Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of poultry  Decline after 1900 BCE  Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River)  70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500) 5

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mohenjo-Daro Ruins  Population c. 40,000  Regional center  Layout, architecture suggests public purpose  Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage  Standardized weights evident throughout region  Specialized labor  Trade 6

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Writing 7

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gateway to Harappa 8

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shell Workshop 9

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Great Bath: Lustration (VOCAB Term!) 10

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12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women  Harappan Civilization: matriarchal?  Influence on later Indian culture – Goddess worship  Goddesses of fertility 12

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gender  Matriarchal?  Female Goddess  Shiva – phallic symbols  Lingum and Yoni 13

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Lingam & Yoni – roots of scared sexuality in Indian culture 14

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization  Reasons for disappearance unclear  Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil  Earthquakes?  Flooding?  Evidence of unburied dead  Disappearance of major cities by 1500 BCE 15

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Aryans  Aryans, lighter-skinned migratory people from the north  Indo-Europeans  Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa  Color Bias  Socio-Economic Implications 16

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Early Aryans  Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle  Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries later  Religious and Literary works: The Vedas  Sanskrit: sacred tongue  Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi, Urdu, Bengali 17

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Varna: The Caste System  Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians  Brahmin, Priest  Kshatriya, Warrior  Vaishya, Merchant  Sudra, Commoner  Harijan: “Untouchables; Pariahs”  Jati subsystem of castes  Related to urbanization, increasing social and economic complexity 18

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20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society  “rule of the father”  Enforced in the The Lawbook of Manu  Overwhelmed Harappan matriarchy?  Caste, Jati, inheritance through male line 20

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women in Aryan Groups  Women not allowed to read sacred texts  Child Marriage  Infanticide  Honor/Shame  Virginity

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sati ( “ Suttee ” ) 22

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Aryan Religion  Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda  1,028 hymns to gods  Elaborate & costly ritual sacrifices to gods  Role of Brahmins important 23

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Theology  Gods created the universe - polytheism  Purusa dismembered and formed the cosmos & society

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Agni & Soma  Fire & Transformation  Immortality

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Indra  Warrior God

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Shiva

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29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kali: Shiva like Goddess

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32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Worship of the Krishna: Hari Krishna  Krishna the source of all avatars of God  Supreme personality of the Godhead  Radha Krishna’s divine consort – represents love  Individual soul is an eternal personal identity

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Home Puja

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Upanishads  Texts that represent blending of Aryan and Dravidian traditions  Composed 800-400 BCE, some later collections until 13 th century CE  Means “sittings near a teacher”  The Shruti of the sacred Hindu literature  The smriti of tradition/gurus 34

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Monism: Upanishads  The trend toward monism  Brahman  Brahman and He-She/It  Manifest and Unmanifest Brahman  Atman  Maya  Gurus

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Brahmanism, Caste, and Ceremonial Life  Appearance of Reincarnation and Karma in Indian thought  Samsara  Birth—death—rebirth—redeath  Imperishable atman  Transmigration of the soul from life form to life form  Karma  Thoughts, words, and deeds have an ethical consequence  Karma is the cause of what is happening in one’s life now  Moksha - release

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Religions of Salvation in Classical India  Social change generated resentment of caste privilige  e.g. Brahmins free from taxation  6 th -5 th c. BCE new religions and philosophies challenge status quo – reform in Hinduism 37

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Changes in Brahmanism: Reform  Reforms = recognition of different human needs/paths to moksha  The Four Goals  Kama  Artha  Dharma  Moksha

39. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Recognition of Life stages when different desires rule  4 Stages of Life  The student  The householder  The hermit  The Sannyasin

40. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Four Marga (Ways) to reach Moksha  Karma Yoga – all action selfless and dedicated to God  Jnana Yoga: research, study, seclusion in order to free one of attachment  Raja Yoga: later actual yoga practice, mediation,  Bhakti Yoga- devotion 40

41. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Bhakti Yoga  The Way of Devotion  Song, dance, love is the way

42. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Emergence of the Triad  The Triad of Gods of Highest Import for Bhakti by 500 b.c.e.  Brahmā  Shiva  Goddess power  Devi  Durga  Kali  Tantric shaktism  Vishnu

43. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Devotional Life of the Common People  Village observances  Not monotheist – Henotheist or polytheist  Each person worships as the need arises  Priest or family member conducts rituals for the family  Local priests conduct a puja on behalf of the community

44. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Devotional Life  The Holiness of Brahmins  Gurus  Religious education  Traditionally a male role  Other “holy ones”  Sadhu  Aghori

45. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Holy People

46. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sadhu

47. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Darsan  religious seeing & being seen  Auspicious  Divine presence in that being seen

48. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ganges River

49. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Pilgrimage

50. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kumbh Mele

51. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ritual Bathing

52. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Eyes: Giving & Taking

53. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Foods of ancient India 53

54. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Food  In Ancient period, eggs were not desirable  Carnivorous animals not eaten and after 1200 b.c.e cow sacred animal – Hindus do not eat beef  Cow is the Mother 54

55. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Banned foods for Brahmin  54 items banned from Brahmin kitchens: onions, garlic, mushrooms, stimulants, alcohol, eggs 55