1. Colonial-modern legacies of development and public policy: Understanding postcolonial intersectional inequalities 300 –420 million people live in chronic poverty Chronic poverty ‘has been allowed to remain.. by certain social norms and by becoming politically institutionalised’ (Hickey & Bracking 2005: 855) 1

2. Inequality between national economies, measured by GNI per capita 2

3. Inequality by concentrations of population under $2 per day 3

4. Inequality within countries by Gini coefficient (darker red = more inequality) 4

5. What is being done? Foreign Direct Investment > Overseas Development Aid (ODA, metropolitan donors) ≥ Remittances ($401 bn) ODA = increasingly conditional, selective, concentrated and volatile, while spectacular-performative dimensions suggest it’s “cyclical, ongoing and expansive” (Duffield 2010: 56) Multilateral Bretton Woods Institutions account for 1/3 rd aid in 2000, higher aid volatility “Regressive shift in the allocation of aid away from some of the poorest countries” (White and Feeny 2003: 133), especially in sub-Saharan Africa “ Our lives are radically entwined with the lives of distant strangers … through colonialism …, flows of capital and commodities ” (Corbridge 1994: 105) 5

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9. Millennium Development Goals (2000-15) – achievements but ‘low-hanging fruit’ Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030)  ‘Leave no one Behind’ – address the most marginal first  Implicit attention to intersectional inequalities 9

10. Colonial modern legacies and SDGs Research in Ecuador on intersectional inequalities in ‘lopsided’ highly unequal and socially heterogeneous population  Findings  ‘Single issue development’ – not up to challenge of tackling intersectional inequalities  Policy understandings of intersectional difference – shaped through colonial lens and reflecting contemporary power forged in colonial period  Policy’s “rules of intersectionality” tend to reproduce postcolonial hierarchies of value 10 Dilemmas of Difference, Duke University Press 2015

11. What’s the way forward? Learning from those who are marginalized by intersectional inequalities – understanding, innovation and critique Learning critically about which (unprecedented/ innovative) policies and administrative systems best tackle intersectional inequalities (ongoing research) Support countries to address the Leave No-one Behind agenda – eg. ODI’s first 1,000 days (Stuart et al 2016) 11