1. PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 1

2. Basic Definition of Government SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE What is Government? What is Government? Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies Who is the Government? Who is the Government? those people who exercise government’s powers, those who have authority and control over other people. those people who exercise government’s powers, those who have authority and control over other people. What are “public policies” What are “public policies” those things a government decides to do. Laws and regulations and actions. those things a government decides to do. Laws and regulations and actions.

3. Powers of Government SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE Every government has and exercises three types of power Every government has and exercises three types of power Legislative—power to make law and public policy Legislative—power to make law and public policy Judicial—the power to interpret laws and to settle disputes Judicial—the power to interpret laws and to settle disputes Executive—Power to enforce and administer the laws Executive—Power to enforce and administer the laws

4. The “State” SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE The State is the dominant political unit the world. The State is the dominant political unit the world. Definition: Definition: body of people, body of people, living in a defined territory, living in a defined territory, organized politically under a government and organized politically under a government and having the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority. having the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority. How is “State” different from “nation” and “country” How is “State” different from “nation” and “country” “State” is a legal entity. “nation”, is a group of people and “country”, is a geographical description. “State” is a legal entity. “nation”, is a group of people and “country”, is a geographical description.

5. Four Characteristics Of A State SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE Four Characteristics of a State? Four Characteristics of a State? Population: Size doesn’t matter Population: Size doesn’t matter Territory: Clear borders Territory: Clear borders Sovereignty: Sovereignty: supreme and absolute power within its own territory. No higher power to which it has to answer or which can exercise authority within its borders. supreme and absolute power within its own territory. No higher power to which it has to answer or which can exercise authority within its borders. Government Government

6. Origins of the State SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE Theories of how States first arose Theories of how States first arose Force Theory Force Theory Strong dominated the weak Strong dominated the weak The Evolutionary Theory The Evolutionary Theory

7. Origins of the State, cont. SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE Divine Right Theory Divine Right Theory King gets power from God King gets power from God King’s laws are like the laws of god and beyond question or defiance. King’s laws are like the laws of god and beyond question or defiance. The theory adhered to by European Monarchs in the 15th- 17th century and most early civilizations The theory adhered to by European Monarchs in the 15th- 17th century and most early civilizations The Rebuttal:

8. Origins of the State, cont. SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE Social Contract Theory Social Contract Theory Modern Theory; Articulated by John Locke Modern Theory; Articulated by John Locke Theory behind Declaration of Independence Theory behind Declaration of Independence Basic Premise Basic Premise Without government, people are afraid Without government, people are afraid People form governments to protect their life, liberty and property People form governments to protect their life, liberty and property Proper purpose of government is to protect these “natural rights” Proper purpose of government is to protect these “natural rights” Power of government comes from people Power of government comes from people “popular sovereignty” “popular sovereignty” Governments that abuse rights of people lose legitimacy and can be overthrown Governments that abuse rights of people lose legitimacy and can be overthrown

9. The Purpose of Government SECT. 1—GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE To form a more perfect union To form a more perfect union To establish justice To establish justice To insure domestic tranquility To insure domestic tranquility To provide for the common defense To provide for the common defense To promote general welfare To promote general welfare To secure the blessings of liberty To secure the blessings of liberty

10. SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Three major ways by which to classify governments: Three major ways by which to classify governments: Geographical distribution of power Geographical distribution of power the relationship between the legislative and the executive the relationship between the legislative and the executive The number of persons who can take part The number of persons who can take part These aren’t the only ways, but are useful. These aren’t the only ways, but are useful. They are NOT mutually exclusive They are NOT mutually exclusive

11. The Number Who Can Participate SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Democracy: Supreme political authority rests with the people. The government is conducted only by and with the consent of the people. Democracy: Supreme political authority rests with the people. The government is conducted only by and with the consent of the people. Direct Democracy Direct Democracy Indirect Democracy Indirect Democracy

12. The Number Who Can Participate SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Dictatorship Dictatorship Those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. Those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. Oldest and most common form of government. Oldest and most common form of government. Autocracy Autocracy Oligarchy. Oligarchy. Authoritarian Authoritarian Most are also Totalitarian Most are also Totalitarian Often militaristic Why? Often militaristic Why? Name the dictator

13. Geographical Classification SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT All Governments are either unitary, Federal or Confederate All Governments are either unitary, Federal or Confederate Unitary Governments Unitary Governments Also called a centralized government. Also called a centralized government. All power vested in the national government. All power vested in the national government. May create local governments, but all powers of such governments are given by the central gov. May create local governments, but all powers of such governments are given by the central gov. Most governments are of this type. Don’t confuse with dictatorship. Most governments are of this type. Don’t confuse with dictatorship.

14. Geographical Classification SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Federal Government. Basic Definition Federal Government. Basic Definition Powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. Powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. Some authority superior to both, such as constitution, makes the distribution Some authority superior to both, such as constitution, makes the distribution the distribution can’t be changed without consent of both. the distribution can’t be changed without consent of both.

15. Geographical Classification SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Confederate Government— An alliance of independent states. Central organ has limited powers given by the alliance states. Powers usually limited to foreign policy, trade policy and defense. Because states are independent, in theory they can withdraw. Modern-day examples? Examples from history?

16. Relationship Between Legislative and Executive Branches SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Presidential Gov. vs. Parliamentary Gov. Presidential Gov. vs. Parliamentary Gov. Presidential Government: Presidential Government: A separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of the government. A separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of the government. Are independent and coequal. Are independent and coequal. President chosen independently of the legislature and serves for a fixed term. President chosen independently of the legislature and serves for a fixed term. Usually, a constitution specifies the separation of powers between the legislative and executive branch. Usually, a constitution specifies the separation of powers between the legislative and executive branch.

17. Relationship Between Legislative and Executive Branches SECT. 2—FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Parliamentary Government Parliamentary Government The executive is made up of the prime minister and his or her cabinet. The executive is made up of the prime minister and his or her cabinet. The Prime minister is the leader of the majority party in parliament and is chosen by that body. The Prime minister is the leader of the majority party in parliament and is chosen by that body. Cabinet is selected from among the parliament members. Cabinet is selected from among the parliament members. Government only stays in power so long as it retains the confidence of a majority in parliament. Prime Minister is removed from office in majority in parliament changes. Government only stays in power so long as it retains the confidence of a majority in parliament. Prime Minister is removed from office in majority in parliament changes. Fewer checks and balances. Why? Fewer checks and balances. Why? By far the most common form of democracy. By far the most common form of democracy. Pros and Cons? Pros and Cons?

18. SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY In order for democracy to exist and survive, five basic elements must exist in society. In order for democracy to exist and survive, five basic elements must exist in society.

19. SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY “We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people.” “We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people.” Martin Luther King Recognition Of The Fundamental Worth And Dignity Of Every Person. Recognition by whom? Laws or average citizens? Do members of a democratic society have an obligation to speak out in the face of injustice.

20. SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY Equality of All Persons Equality of All Persons For much of our history, hasn’t existed. For much of our history, hasn’t existed. African Americans African Americans Women Women What type of equality is necessary in a democracy? What type of equality is necessary in a democracy? Equality of opportunity? Equality of opportunity? Equality under the law? Equality under the law? Equality of starting condition? Equality of starting condition?

21. SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY Majority Rule and Minority Rights Majority Rule and Minority Rights Majority Rule is heart of popular sovereignty Majority Rule is heart of popular sovereignty Are there times when majority rule is inappropriate in a democracy? Are there times when majority rule is inappropriate in a democracy?

22. SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY Necessity of Compromise Necessity of Compromise Is compromise always a good thing? Is compromise always a good thing? To have compromise, (and have democracy) must not be fundamental disagreements in society To have compromise, (and have democracy) must not be fundamental disagreements in society

23. SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY Individual Freedom Individual Freedom Which Individual Freedom’s are essential to democracy? Which Individual Freedom’s are essential to democracy?

24. Democracy and the Free Enterprise System SECTION 3—BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY Economic freedom associated with democracy Economic freedom associated with democracy Basic elements of Free Enterprise System Basic elements of Free Enterprise System Private ownership of property Private ownership of property Private investment Private investment Competition Competition Price based on supply and demand Price based on supply and demand Mixed Economy Mixed Economy