1. Introduction to Human Behavior Adult and Older Adult Developmental Themes and Their Relevance to Clinical Treatment

2. Definitions of Aging n Aging, in living organisms, usually refers to the adverse effects of the passage of time. n Biologic n Developmental n Psychological n Social

3. Aging Through the Ages n The Prolongation of Youth and Life- The ancients seemed to defy aging as in those who lived in antediluvian times n Tragedy of Greek mythology, long life without youth as in story of Aurora and Tithonus n The myth of Gilgamesh and why doctors use the caduceus as a symbol

4. More Modern Aging n The use of alchemy n The myth of cell immortality n 19th century attempts at immortality according to Pope Innocent, Dr. Brown- Sequard, Medvedev n The social aging of the industrialized world

5. “In Search of the Secrets of Aging”-Biologic Theories “In Search of the Secrets of Aging”-Biologic Theories

6. Psychological Theories of Aging n Birren and Renner (1977) expressed the opinion that there was no pressure on the field of psychology to formulate a unified theory of aging or to explain how behavior is organized over time. However, we know that there was consideration in the early times of psychological growth……..

7. Early Psychologists’ Influence on Treating the Older Adult

8. Modern Developmentalists n Erik Erikson (1950, 1959, 1980, 1986) Proposes that psychosocial development continues over the entire life span. n Pearl King (1968, 1972, 1973) Shares her experiences with individual and group work and the understanding of patients’ capacity to deal with neuroses.

9. Research and Developmentalists n George Vaillant (1977), strongly influenced by Erikson. Vaillant interested in potential progressive change in the ways in which adults adapt psychologically- DEFENSE MECHANISMS. Adaptation to Life n Daniel Levinson (1978, 1980, 1986) incorporates concept of roles into a LIFE STRUCTURE. The Seasons of a Man’s Life

10. Social Theories of Aging n Disengagement Theory, 1961 Cumming & Henry n Activity Model, 1963 Havinghurst n Continuity Model, 1964 Neugarten n Age Stratification, 1981 Palmore n Minority Group Theory, 1970 Busse n Life Events/ Stress,1940,1972 Ogburn/Nimkoff Cowgill/Holmes n Homogeneity vs Heterogeneity, 1974 Maddox/Dareglass

11. Personality Studies Personality Studies n Berkeley Intergenerational Studies A longitudinal study of 248 children born 1918-1928 were followed until they were in their 50s (144 finished study).All white, middle/working classes. n Duke Studies of Aging Cross- sectional studies (a) 1955-1976 and (b) 1968-1976. Reasonably representative of classes, race in a (a) all white (b).

12. What have we learned from the studies about personality? n Personality remains relatively stable throughout the life span n Some researchers have identified personality types: Adaptive: Mature, Rocking Chair, and Armored. Maladaptive: Angry, Self-haters