1. A.S 2.4 Internal Unemployment 4 Credits

2. Employment By the end of this unit you will be able to: Identify statistical sources of employment and unemployment data Define working age population and labour force Relate employment and unemployment to population, working age population and labour force

3. Employment 0 ‘ Employed’ generally taken as being paid employment 0 What about a person raising their own children? This person is considered unemployed through a childcare worker performing the same function would be considered employed 0 A big issue is that of Underemployment. This is where someone is employed at a level below their full skill or training level. Or those people working part- time that would like to work longer hours. 0 e.g. Doctors driving Taxis. This is usually a problem faced by immigrants to NZ.

4. Employment - Definitions 0 Working age population 0 Usually resident, non-institutionalised civilian population of NZ aged 15 years and over 0 The Labour Force 0 Working age population that is willing and able to work Full Employment - Employment of the total labour force

5. The Resident Population of NZ Working Age Population Labour Force

7. Employment Definitions 0 Full-Time Labour Force – persons working 30 hours or more per week and unemployed persons seeking full-time work 0 Part-Time Labour Force – persons working one to 29 hours per week and unemployed persons seeking part-time work

8. Unemployment Rate

10. Source – Treasury NZ

11. Measuring Employment 0 Statistics NZ uses three different surveys to measure employment 1. Quarterly Employment Survey 0 Conducted every three months 0 Surveys approx 18000 businesses from a range of industries and regions in NZ. 0 Measures quarterly estimates of average hourly and weekly wages before and after tax and the number of filled jobs. 2. The Household Labour Force Survey 0 Based on a sample of about 15000 private dwellings each quarter 0 Has 30 000 respondents each month 0 Only began in 1985 – Limited history data 0 It does meet the internationally accepted standard for measuring unemployment and it is the official measure

12. Measuring Employment 0 3. The Census of population and Dwellings 0 5 yearly survey off all individuals in NZ on census night In 1991 the definition for Unemployment changed to ‘actively seeking work’ instead of merely wanting work. These changes affect its usefulness in comparisons in unemployment over time.

13. Measuring the Unemployed 0 There are two surveys that Stats NZ uses to measure unemployment 1. Household Labour Force Survey 2. The Census of Population and Dwellings The department of labour, through Work and Income NZ (WINZ) produces the registered job-seekers statistics. However the job seekers register is no longer used for reporting on unemployment because policy changes over the last ten years mean that numbers are not comparable over time.

14. Work Book Pages 151- 152

15. Types of Unemployment 0 By the end of this unit you will be able to Define structural, frictional seasonal and cyclical Unemployment Recognise these are forms of involuntary unemployment Explain the pattern of the business cycle and relate it to cyclical unemployment Define and explain the natural rate of unemploymen

16. Involuntary Unemployment 0 Involuntarily unemployed = People who are available to work at the current wage rate but are unable to find a job. 0 Voluntary Unemployment = People without a job who don’t want one There are three concepts that can help explain involuntary unemployment 0 1. Structural Unemployment = Unemployment caused by an imbalance between the skills of workers and the requirements of employers. 0 This is generally caused by a fall in final demand for a good or service, or because there is a permanent technological change. E.g. Capital replacing workers. I need a bus driver I need a job

17. Types of Unemployment 0 2. Frictional Unemployment = Short-term unemployment caused by people temporarily between jobs, entering the job market for the first time or changing jobs where there is a few weeks of unemployment before starting the new job. 0 Frictional Unemployment is seen as a sign of a healthy economy. Where workers are moving from position to position. 0 Seasonal Unemployment – unemployment caused by the regular seasonal nature of work. E.g. Ski workers in the snow season, fruit picking in the summer.

18. Types of Unemployment 0 3. Cyclical Unemployment = Unemployment caused by a downturn in economic activity generally. 0 Cyclical unemployment may be the result of inwards shift in Aggregate Demand AS AD Real Output Price Level PL Y AD1 PL1 Y1 Economic activity Time Downturn in eco activity, where cyclical unemployment will occur

19. Work Books Page 153 - 154

20. Demand For Labour 0 By the end of this unit you will be able to: Recognise the labour market as an example of a factor market Outline the determinants of the demand for labour

21. Demand for Labour 0 Labour is a factor of production. The labour market is called a factor market. The Demand for Labour 0 The demand for labour is a derived demand. It comes from the demand for the goods and services produced. 0 Derived means ‘to come from’ 0 The demand for a good or service is a final demand. The demand for ice cream workers comes from the demand for ice creams

22. Demand for Labour 0 The producers are the buyers of labour – they demand labour to produce goods and services. 0 The demand for labour shows the quantity of hours/workers/available jobs at any given wage rate ceteris paribus DL Demand for Labour w ($/hr) Q (hours) w1 q1 w2 q2 w = the wage rate. Wages are the price of labour or dollars paid per hour Q = the quantity of labour demanded by producers A decrease in the wage rate will result in a larger quantity of labour being demanded ceteris paribus. An increase in wages will result in a smaller quantity of labour being demanded ceteris paribus

23. Shifts in the Labour Demand Curve 0 Factors that will cause the labour demand curve to shift either outwards or inwards include 1. Any factor that will change the demand for the good and service the labour produces 0 Change in consumers disposable income 0 Changes in the price complementary goods 0 Changes in the price of substitutes 0 Changes in consumers tastes and preferences 0 Changes in the population 2. Changes in technology or productivity of labour

24. Changes in the final demand for the good or service the labour produces 0 Example – Decrease in the demand for hamburgers DL w ($/hr) Q (hours) Demand for hamburger workers DL As fewer hamburgers are sold, fewer workers are required at each wage rate. The demand for labour will decrease, therefore causing the curve to shift to the left

25. Changes in Technology or the productivity of labour 0 Example increase in the productivity of labour DL w ($/hr) Q (hours) DL Demand for labour When more efficient technology is introduced worker productivity increases so an employer will demand more workers at each wage rate The demand for labour will increase, causing the labour demand curve to shift to the right

26. The Supply of Labour 0 By the end of this unit you will be able to: 0 Explain the shape of the supply of labour curve 0 Outline the determinants of the supply of labour curve 0 Use the supply curve and demand model to illustrate the labour market

27. The Supply of Labour 0 Households provide the supply of labour 0 The supply of labour shows the number of workers who are willing to work at each given wage rate w ($/hr) Q (hours) SL SL = the number of workers willing to work at each wage rate Any change in the wage rate will cause a movement along the supply curve for labour A decrease in wages will result in a smaller quantity of labour being supplied. Vice versa w1 q1 w2 q2

28. The shape of the supply of labour curve 0 The supply curve slopes upward from left to right. 0 This is because as wages rise, more workers are willing to make themselves available for work. w ($/hr) Q (hours) SL