2. The Age of Reform The Drive to Improve Society and the Lives of Americans REFORM = CHANGE

3. I. Second Great Awakening A. Took place in the 1820’s through the 1830’s. B. First Great Awakening had spread through the colonies in mid-1700’s. C. People were concerned that the county was becoming to secular. There was a wave of people who became interested in religion and would travel great distances to hear preachers speak, pray and sing. D. It is important because it inspired people to become involved with social reform issues.

5. II. Abolitionist Movement A. Abolitionist – a person who wanted to end slavery. B. Famous Abolitionists –1. Grimke sisters – two wealthy sisters in South Carolina who were born into a slaveholding family. Moved to the North and freed family slaves. Spoke out against slavery. –2. Frederick Douglass – Escaped slave who was a powerful speaker and newspaper editor. –3. Sojourner Truth – Ex-slave who changed her name and pushed to free slaves and for women’s rights.

6. Abolitionists continued.. 4. Harriet Tubman – Famous ex- slave who was famous for her work on the underground railroad. 5. Elijah Lovejoy – White abolitionist who was a newspaper editor from Illinois who was shot to death for being anti-slavery. 6. William Lloyd Garrison – Wrote an abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator in 1831. One of the first people call for the “immediate and complete emancipation of enslaved people”

7. Abolitionist Summary 1 ST Group to try and end slavery was the Quakers The Colonist movement tried to send free Africans back to Africa. They sent over 10,000 free Africans and they began the country of Liberia. Most freed Africans wanted to stay in the US. Abolitionist books like Slavery As It Is and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by were powerful anti slavery statements.

8. Abolitionist Summary Politicians like John Q. Adams tried to amend the constitution to end slavery, but they did not pass. The South tried to counter the Abolitionist movement with politics and violence. The issue would not be solved until the Civil War

9. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 1. 13 th Amendment – Abolishes Slavery in the United States - 1865

10. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 2. 14 th Amendment - Makes the slaves citizens of the U.S. - 1868

11. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 3. 15 th Amendment - Ensured African Americans had the right to vote - 1870

12. III. Transcendentalism A. Transcendentalist were a group of New England writers who stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, the importance of the individual and living simply. B. They also wrote about social issues and how to improve the government.

13. John James Audubon An outdoorsman, naturalist and painter from the early to mid 1800’s Attempted to draw all species of bird that lived in North America Today his name is linked to bird and environmental conservation

14. Ralph Waldo Emerson Essayist & Novelist Wrote “Nature” Stressed importance of human beings relationship with nature.

15. C. Henry David Thoreau 1. An important transcendentalist and abolitionist. 2. Believed in civil disobedience – refusing to obey laws he thought were unjust. 3. He was once put in jail for not paying taxes. He refused to pay because he didn’t want his money to support the Mexican American War. I’m not paying those taxes! Its going for a war I don’t believe in! It’s my form of protest.

16. Questions??? What did transcendentalists believe in? What did Harriet Tubman accomplish? What was the result of the Second Great Awakening? What does an abolitionist believe in? Why was Henry David Thoreau sent to jail? What was something major that Thoreau believed in? What does reform mean?

17. IV. Women’s Movement A. Margaret Fuller – Woman’s activist, transcendentalist, and writer. B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Abolitionist, woman’s activist. C. Susan B. Anthony – Reformer from New York that called for coeducation. Was arrested several times for trying to vote. D. Elizabeth Blackwell – One of the first successful female doctors in the U.S.

18. Woman’s Rights Movement Continued. E. At this time, women were not allowed to vote and were not considered equal to men. F. Women before this mainly worked doing dangerous hard labor in factories or stayed home with the children. G. Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention where they wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. H. Many women fought for suffrage (the right to vote). They would not receive it until 1920.

19. V. Education A. Horace Mann – Massachusetts Lawyer and public education reformer. B. Three Education Reforms –1. Public schools should be funded by taxes. –2. Teachers should be well trained. –3. Children should be required to attend school.

20. C. Educating people with special needs. 1.Many saw problems with how the disabled and mentally impaired were treated and attempted to reform this. 2.Thomas Gallandet – helped the hearing impaired. 3.Samuel Gridley Howe – Helped the visually impaired. 4.Dorthea Dix – Reformed education in prisons and in insane asylums. Don’t worry crazy person, I’m here to help you!

21. VI. Temperance Movement A. Temperance – drinking little or no alcohol. B. Many wanted to outlaw the consumption of any and all alcoholic beverages. C. They saw it as the reason for all the problems in society such as poverty, the break up of families, crime and insanity. D. Prohibition- Outlawing the production or sale of alcohol.

22. Temperance Movement Cont. The movement convinced some states, like Maine, to pass laws outlawing alcohol. These laws did not last long. Ministers thought they were protecting society from “rum-selling, tippling folk, infidels and ruff- scruff”

24. Prison Reform Make Prisons and Asylums places of rehabilitation not punishment Lead by Dorothea Dix and Louis Dwight Sought prison libraries, literacy for inmates, shortening of sentences, reduction of beatings and a separation of women, children and the sick

25. Labor Reform Most notable union from this era were the Knights of Labor Used strikes and boycotting to improve work conditions organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired.

26. Questions??? What was accomplished at the Seneca Falls Convention? What does temperance mean? For issue what did Dorthea Dix work so diligently? What were three educational reforms that came about in this time period? What did Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton fight for? Why did some in the United States want to put temperance laws in place? What is prohibition?

27. The End!!!