1. Peacekeeping Economies and the Labor Market: a gendered perspective Luísa Cardoso Guedes de Souza Berlin July 2015

2. Introduction Deployment of multidimensional peace operations in conflict zones  Economic changes  Different consequences for men and women

3. (The need for) Intersections CONFLICT AND PEACE OPERATIONS Literature on Gender Studies vs Literature on Economic Impact Assessment

4. Contribution Analyzing the gendered impacts of conflict and peace operations beyond sexual vulnerability. UNSC Resolutions 1325/2000 and 1820/2008

5. Constructivist Perspective Gender performances Economic practices Subjectivity Materialness

6. Argument CONFLICTSECURITY PEACE OPERATIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GENDER

7. Gender Empirical category: sex-disaggregated data Analytical category: masculinity and femininity constitute a code that is materialized in the public and private spheres, structuring social order.

8. Security The State and national sovereignty The Individual and civil conflicts

9. Development Poverty  Conflict Conflict  Poverty

10. Peace Operations The Liberal Peace Multidimensional Operations: organizing elections, institution-building, police reforming, economic development, human rights training, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR).

11. Peace Operations High complexity Militarization paradox Unintended consequences: black market, trafficking, prostitution, corruption and distortions on the local economy

12. Peacekeeping Economies Job creation in the service sector. (REHN & JOHNSON SIRLEAF, 2002). Economic activities, formal and informal, brought by the presence of peacekeepers. (JENNINGS & NIKOLIĆ-RISTANOVIĆ, 2009).

13. Labor Market Labor force participation rate is a crucial variable for long-term economic growth. Comparing the rates brings a quantitative representation of the unequal participation of men and women in the formal economy and in the public sphere.

14. Hypothesis H 1 : Conflict and peace operations are significant to participation in the labor force. H 2 : Conflict and peace operations differently affect men and women in the formal economy. H 3 : The deployment of peace operations positively impact women’s labor force participation rate.

15. Methodology Quantitative analysis Fixed-effects panel data regression model Data sources: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset; UN DPKO; World Bank Eletronic Database

16. Data Sample: 74 countries where conflict has taken place from 1990 to 2012. 27 presented peace operations in that period and 31 are Muslim- majority countries. Dependent variable: Labor force participation rate.

17. Descriptive Statistics Countries Female Participation Male Participation AverageSDAverageSD Total sample (74)52.3920.1679.297.20 Islamic (31)38.3618.5977.696.68 Non-Islamic (43)61.9514.9180.397.33 No peace operations (47)49.7719.2379.566.65 With peace operations (27)56.9520.9278.838.04

18. Model Specification i= 1, 2, 3,..., 74. t=1990, 1991,..., 2012.

19. Results Fixed-effects panel data in 4 different scenarios Total sample 1990-2012 Islamic countries Non-Islamic countries Total sample 2001-2012

20. FIXED-EFFECTS FOR TOTAL SAMPLE

21. FIXED-EFFECTS FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

22. FIXED-EFFECTS FOR NON-ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

23. FIXED-EFFECTS FOR TOTAL SAMPLE AFTER 2000

24. Analysis Conflict and peace operations are significant to the labor market and they present different effects for men and women. Peace operations were not found to impact the female labor force participation rate.

25. Future Research Regional data Microdata Wage rates Data on institutional quality and on natural resources

26. Final Remarks Female representation in the public sphere is essential for women to participate in social transformations, especially in a post-conflict context. To measure female participation is one of the many ways quantitative studies structure a feminist understanding of the Social Sciences.

27. Danke! Thank you! luisacgs@gmail.com