1. APUSH Out of Many, Chapter 8 “The United States of North America, 1786-1800” David A. Lawson, M. Ed. Faragher, et. al. Upper Saddle River, NJ ©2011

2. The Constitution A March 1785 resolution agreed to recommend uniform economic policies throughout the colonies. When a 1786 convention in Annapolis only gathered a few state delegates, Alexander Hamilton called on Congress to endorse a convention in Philadelphia for the purpose of strengthening the Articles of Confederation. Fifty-five delegates from 12 different states met in Philadelphia in May, 1787 to begin revising the Articles.

4. George Washington was appointed to chair the meetings. James Madison took extensive notes (and had done extensive research). Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented a plan that would scrap the Articles of Confederation and would give the national government more power to enforce laws directly on the people and would represent the states according to population.

7. William Paterson of New Jersey presented an alternate plan in which states were equally represented by representatives. The South wanted to count slaves for purposes of representation, but wanted to exclude them when it came to taxation. Slaves were ultimately counted as 3/5 of a person each, and the Constitution promised not to interfere with the slave trade for 20 years. Over a third of the delegates wanted some form of monarchy, but the Convention called for an executive president to be selected by a body called the electoral college.

9. The Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan led to the Great Compromise in which representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population and representation in the Senate would be equal (This included the Three- fifths compromise). Along with this agreement on the legislative branch and the executive branch, a strong federal judiciary was created.

10. “Can a perfect production be expected? I consent, Sir, to this Constitution, Because I expect no better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best.” - Benjamin Franklin

11. Supporters of this Constitution were called Federalists. “Anti-Federalists” referred to skeptics of the Constitution who favored more local and state authority over that of a strong, central government. The Federalist were a series of essays by Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay under the pen name “Publius.” These essays were written to persuade New York to ratify the Constitution. Nine states’ approval were required for ratification.

12. A promise in the Virginia convention to protect individual rights led them to ratify the Constitution. The Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the Constitution) were presented to Congress in 1789 and they were approved by the states in 1791.

14. The New Nation Under the new Constitution, George Washington was unanimously selected as the new president. Although eschewing royal titles and preferring “Mr. President,” Washington was nevertheless a member of the aristocracy. Washington established a cabinet of executive officials: 1.Jefferson as Secretary of State 2.Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury 3.Henry Knox as the Secretary of War 4.Edmund Randolph as the Attorney General

15. The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court into a body of six judges (later nine) that heard cases on appeal from the states. It also organized district and circuit courts. John Jay was the first Chief Justice Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) decided in favor of individuals from one state who sued another state for confiscation of property. The Eleventh Amendment later outlawed such lawsuits.

16. Economically, the new Congress passed the Tariff of 1789. Hamilton recommended a tax on distilled liquor to pay off the national debt. Debate on this issue led to a compromise locating the national capital in Washington (the South). Hamilton also wanted to establish a national bank, reflecting his “loose constructionist” approach to the Constitution. Hamilton also wanted to use government securities to support new industry, but this plan was rejected.

17. Hamilton’s fiscal priorities showed a division between northern capitalists like himself and southern agrarians like Jefferson. This division was reflected in foreign policy, in which Hamiltonians supported England and Jeffersonians supported the French in the years following the French Revolution. Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in 1793, especially important after French ambassador Edmond Genêt sought American support. Many American supporters of France formed “Democratic Societies” and opposed the Washington administration

18. The Indian Intercourse Act (1790) meant that treaties were the only lawful way of obtaining Indian land Enforcement of the policy was difficult in the West, and the Shawnees and Delawares joined with the Miami under the chief Little Turtle in defense of their land. Little Turtle and his forces killed or wounded 900 American troops under General Arthur St. Clair.

20. With France gone, Spain increased its power in North America. British power was present in Canada (and within U.S. borders), where they supplied Indians with weapons and hinted another war with America would be coming. The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) arose in the Mingo Creek region of Western Pennsylvania in light of these frontier issues. Washington raised a force of 13,000 to stop the rebellion. Victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers by General Anthony Wayne led to the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, ceding much of the Northwest to America.

22. Jay’s Treaty – A treaty that provided for withdrawal of British troops by 1796 and normalized trade relations. The Senate, supporters of Hamilton, passed it easily while in the House, Southerners and Westerners threatened to withhold money. Pickney’s Treaty - made gains from Spain, now at war with France, by giving America a boundary at the 31° and use of the Mississippi. Jay’s Treaty supporters agreed to vote for this in return for passage of Jay’s Treaty. Washington’s farewell address warned about excessive entanglement in foreign affairs and division into political parties.

25. Federalists and Republicans Federalist Party – Washington administration supporters in favor of strong central government, friendship with British, animosity towards French Revolution; its base was among New England merchants and property owners. Hamilton, Adams, Washington, John Marshall, John Jay The Democratic Republican Party – An opposition group in favor of limiting federal power, sympathetic to French Revolution and hostile to Great Britain, particularly strong among southern planters with some northern support. Jefferson, Madison, James Monroe Both parties were established influential in the 1796 election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

26. The Constitution had not anticipated the rise of political parties, so the runner-up in the election was automatically vice- president. This matched up President Adams with political opponent Vice- President Jefferson

27. The French, angered by Jay’s treaty, began confiscating American cargo and demanded a bribe before negotiating a solution. Democrats, demanding information from Adams, were only given the identities X, Y, and Z. Federalist popularity increased. Showing a fear or foreigners, Adams approved the Naturalization Act, the Alien and Alien Enemies Acts. Showing a fear of Democratic Republicans, Adams approved the Sedition Act.

28. In response to this, Jefferson and Madison authored resolutions passed by Virginia and Kentucky that since the states had agreed to the Constitution, states had the right to “nullify” unconstitutional laws. This idea would later be used as a justification for South Carolina’s secession from the Union in 1861.

30. The Federalists were divided by the 1800 election. Adams wanted to make peace with France, while the Hamiltonians continued threatening war. Adams, following public sentiment, also pardoned three men involved in Fries Rebellion, further alienating Federalists. Meanwhile, the Democratic Republicans won Congressional victories in New York and Pennsylvania in 1799.

31. The election of 1800 was hard-fought with attack campaigns, but this time Jefferson defeated Adams. The same Constitutional defect that caused Adams and Jefferson to be paired as President and Vice-President caused a tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. This was later fixed through passage of the Twelfth Amendment. Considerable advancement in white male suffrage had been made between 1788 and 1800.

35. American Culture America began to develop a culture independent from Europe in the specific areas of visual art, architecture, and literature. The United States was soon publishing more newspapers than any other country, and Noah Webster, who published the American Spelling Book and the American Dictionary of the English Language.