2.  Keeping people separated by race

3.  A group of people who share certain physical characteristics

4.  Separated based upon race  Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups such as Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asians were also kept segregated.

5.  The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 gave equal rights and citizenship to African Americans but not American Indians.  The 14 th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to African Americans but not American Indians.

6.  American Indians were finally considered citizens in 1924 when Congress finally recognized American Indians as U.S. citizens under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. American Indians pose for a picture with President Calvin Coolidge outside the White House after Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

7.  The ten thousand Indians who served their country during World War I sped up the process of getting Indian citizenship. Indian leaders pointed out that their young men had died in service for their country and deserved better. It is interesting to note that although it took longer for American Indians to get citizenship and equal protection under the law they were not segregated in the military like African American units had been.

8.  “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans  “Jim Crow” laws made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states  Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, & government

9.  The name Jim Crow is often used to describe the segregation laws, rules and customs which arose after Reconstruction ended in 1877

10.  These “black codes” took away many of the rights which had been granted to blacks through the 13 th, 14 th, & 15 th Amendment

11.  They prevented Blacks from voting by requiring payment of a poll tax  And requiring that voters pass a test about the Constitution

12.  For a while, Blacks were disparagingly called “Jim Crow”, a term meant to evoke the image of a singing dancing fool

13.  “Jim Crow” laws encourage segregation. They required separate black and white facilities – schools, railroad cars, etc

14.  They prevented blacks from living in white areas, getting government jobs, etc  The Supreme Court confirmed the legality of “separate but equal” in Plessy vs. Ferguson case - 1896

15. Mississippi Burning start – 8:04 51:46 - 54:01 Rosa Parks 18:00 – 20:00 25:18 – 28:30 53:10 – 54:30 Miss Jane Pittman 39:00 – 41:02

45. No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to work in a ward or room in which a Negro man is placed.

46. All bus stations shall have separate waiting rooms and separate ticket windows for white and colored races.

47. It shall be unlawful for a restaurant to serve food in which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless white and colored people are separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each race.

48. It shall be unlawful for a Negro and white person to play the game of pool or billiards with each other.

49. Every employer of white or Negro males shall provide separate toilet facilities.

50. The marriage of a white person and Negro is prohibited.

51. All marriages between a white person and a Negro are forever prohibited.

52. Any Negro man and white woman, or any white person and colored person who are not married and sleep in the same room shall be punished by imprisonment for 12 months or a fine of $500 dollars.

53. The schools for white children and Negro children shall be conducted separately.

54. The jail warden shall see that white convicts have separate cells for both eating and sleeping from Negro convicts.

55. Separate public schools shall be established for children of African descent, and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend a white school, or any white child to attend a colored school.

56. Any teacher who teaches at any school, college, or institution where members of the white and colored race are enrolled shall be found guilty of a misdemeanor and fined $10 to $50 dollars for each offense.

57. No persons shall serve meals to white and colored customers in the same room, same table, or counter in restaurants.

58. The Board of Education shall provide schools for two kinds; those for white children and those for colored children.

59. Every person operating a theatre, or motion picture show attended by both the white race and colored race shall designate separate seats to be occupied by white persons, and a portion of seats to be occupied by colored persons.

60. W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington

61.  W.E.B. DuBois – believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans  Booker T. Washington – Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social segregation

62.  DuBois would not accept segregation, believed in full equality, founded the NAACP  Washington accepted segregation, founded Tuskegee Vocational School in Alabama

63.  Booker T. Washington believed equality could be achieved through vocational education. He felt that if African Americans used the skills and trades they learned in vocational school they would be better accepted in white society. He said “a person who can do something the world wants will make his way regardless of race.” The trades learned in Washington’s school could be put to immediate use, but obtaining equal rights he said would come later. Washington accepted social separation of the races and was criticized by W.E.B. DuBois for accepting Jim Crow Laws to easily.

64. Booker T. Washington was born a slave on April 5, 1856, about 25 miles from Roanoke, Virginia. His mother Jane was an enslaved black woman who worked as a cook, and his father was an unknown white plantation owner. The former home Booker T. Washington is now a United States National Monument and run by the National Parks Service in Franklin County, Virginia.

65. As a young boy, Washington learned about news of the outside world by listening in on the Burroughs family (his owners) conversations as he fanned flies from the dinner table. Washington longed to attend school, but it was illegal to educate slaves. “I had the feeling that to get into a schoolhouse and study would be about the same as getting into paradise,” he wrote.

66. When Washington was nine, the Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the South and his family moved to West Virginia. At 16 he walked 400 miles back to Virginia to enroll in a new black school, Hampton Institute a industrial school for blacks, where students could pay their way by working. Washington worked his way through Hampton as a janitor. When he graduated he became a teacher.

67. Washington Founded The Tuskegee Institute. Tuskegee offered basic elementary school subjects. But its real focus was vocational education which included teaching trades such as carpentry and brick-making. Washington felt that by learning a trade, blacks could become useful to white society. He said, “a person who can do something the world wants will make his way regardless of race.”

68. In 1895 Booker T. Washington was asked to speak at a large fair in Atlanta, Georgia. People in the crowd were shocked that a black man had been asked to speak. Washington began by saying that blacks and whites in the South should get along. He said that blacks should become educated. But until they did, they should be content being “on the bottom of life, not the top. The races could stay separate as the fingers on the hand. Yet, unlike the fingers in a fist, they could work together for a common goal.” Washington went on, he said blacks should put off their demands for civil rights. They should be patient. Civil rights would come one day when they had earned them. The white audience leapt to their feet and cheered when Washington finished. The speech was repeated across the country. In an instant Booker T. Washington had become the most famous African American of his time.

69. Whites liked the idea of blacks being second-class citizens and staying “in their place.” They liked the idea of blacks learning trades and serving whites. They especially like the idea of blacks and whites being separate.

70.  W.E.B. Du Bois strongly disagreed with Booker T. Washington. He believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans. He would never accept being a second-class citizen as Washington had. DuBois helped form one of the largest Civil Rights organizations in the United States, the NAACP, and was an inspiration to future Civil Rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

71. William Edward Burghardt DuBois’s early life was much different from most black Americans of his time. He was born in a small Massachusetts town in 1868. DuBois’s parents were free blacks who had never been slaves. DuBois’s father left his family when he was one year old. His mother, Mary, was left to raise him on her own. Mary knew that education was the key to success. So she worked hard to keep him in school.

72. There was very little racism in DuBois hometown. He went to school with white children. Because he was a gifted student, he was accepted by the best families in town. DuBois graduated from high school as his class valedictorian. The townspeople raised enough money to send to Fisk University, a black college in Tennessee. While at Fisk DuBois saw racial prejudice for the first time. He wrote, “I was tossed boldly into the Negro problem. I came to a place where the world was split into white and black halves.”

73. During the summers DuBois taught in a small country school where poor farmers sent their children. The school had no windows, a dirt floor, and only a few books. After seeing how most blacks lived and the conditions they were faced with DuBois decided to devote his life to making their lives better, and to be a better leader he got the best education he could.

74. In 1888 DuBois received a scholarship from Harvard University, and 1895, he became the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University. After graduation DuBois became a leader for black rights. He spoke out against segregation and said that educated African Americans, the talented tenth, must lead others to a better life. DuBois’s ideas caused a major debate among blacks. Booker T. Washington had said they should not worry about their rights. They should work to better themselves. Civil rights would come later when blacks were ready for them.