1. 6/22/20161 LABORATORY THREE SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial

2. Classification of Bones (Shape) Long (femur) Short (wrist) Flat bones (skull) Irregular (scapula) 6/22/20162

3. 3 Anatomy of a Long Bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diaphysis ( Shaft – compact bone) Contains yellow marrow inside medullary canal (marrow cavity) Epiphyses (spongy bone) Expanded ends of long bones Contains red marrow (RBC production)

4. 6/22/20164 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. 6/22/20165 The Skeletal System Two subdivisions Axial skeleton lie along the body’s central axis (bones found along midline) Appendicular skeleton appendages and the bones that attach them to axial skeleton the pectoral & pelvic girdles serve as points of articulation for the arms and legs Axial Appendicular

6. 6/22/20166 The Axial System Three subdivisions: Skull – formed from many articulated bones Hyoid bone - (U-shape) Thorax Sternum Rib cage Costal cartilages Vertebral column Vertebrae Sacrum and coccyx

7. 6/22/20167 Bones of The Skull Articulate at immovable joints called sutures Supraorbital foramen/notch

8. 6/22/20168 Figure 6.14 The Skull Take the top of the skull off of the model

9. 6/22/20169 The Skull Take the mandible off of the model

10. Fetal Skull 6/22/201610 Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone

11. 6/22/201611 The Vertebral Column Provide axial support between the skull and pelvis Protects the delicate structure of spinal cord Primary curve: thoracic & sacral –Has already developed at birth Secondary curve: cervical & lumbar –develops as an infant learns to hold his head up, stand, and walk

12. Abnormal Spinal Curvature Scoliosis (lateral curvature) Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback) 6/22/201612

13. 6/22/201613 The Vertebral Column 24 individual bones- named for the associated body region 7 Cervical (C1-C7) - neck 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) – ribs attached to 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) - lower back On practicum: number and type of vertebra 2 fused bones sacrum (part of pelvis) coccyx (tailbone)

14. 6/22/201614 A Typical Vertebra TP to SP TP to body

15. 6/22/201615

16. 6/22/201616 ID Different Vertebrae The first two cervical vertebrae are significantly modified from a typical vertebra C-1 or atlas (shoulder pads) - articulates with the occipital bone –no body & no spinous process, but has transverse foramina C-2 or axis (football player) –dens or odontoid process (body of C-1, important for “no” rotation) –bifid –has transverse foramina Typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) –transverse foramina –spinous process is split in some (bifid) Thoracic vertebrae (giraffe ) –long narrow spinous process & small body –demi-facet where ribs are attached –the superior articular facets are flat and protrude upward Lumbar vertebrae (moose) –massive bodies because of more weight upon them –short blunt spinous process

17. 6/22/201617 Sacrum Sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae Coccyx consists of 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae Median sacral crest: spinous process Ventral and Dorsal sacral foramina: intervertebral foramina Sacral canal: vertebral foramina

18. 6/22/201618 The Thorax Form a bony cage around the heart & lungs The sternum: Manubrium - Jugular notch is a superficial landmark where manubrium articulates with clavicles Gladiolus (body) – inferior to sternal angle Xiphoid process – apex of the heart – A landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation Humans have 12 pairs of ribs - each is attached to a thoracic vertebra and form the wall of the thoracic cage 7 pairs of true ribs 3 pairs of false ribs 2 pairs of floating ribs Costal cartilage

19. Hyoid Bone Body Greater Horn Lesser Horn 6/22/201619