2. What role did religion play in consolidating and legitimizing political rule in Europe?

3. “Gregory the Great” Asserted papal primacy Prominent theologian Sacrament of penance

4. Egyptian origins, 2 nd to 3 rd centuries Monastic lifestyle expands, 4 th century Large variety of monastic rules Range from extremely ascetic to lax

5. Established consistent rule for monasteries, 529 Poverty Chastity Obedience St. Scholastica (482–543) Sister of St. Benedict Adapted Benedictine Rule for convents

6. Accumulation of large landholdings, serfs Social welfare projects Copied manuscripts Inns, orphanages, hospitals

7. Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Extended Frankish territory Ruled through counts supervised by missi dominici Crowned emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III Charlemagne’s three grandsons divide his holdings in 843 Invasions Muslims from south Hungarian Magyars from east Vikings from north

8. Otto I of Saxony took advantage of decline of Carolingian empire; established kingdom in north Germany, mid-10 th century CE Twice entered Italy to aid Roman Catholic church Pope John XII named Otto emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 962 CE

10. Capetian France Hugh Capet succeeded last Carolingian emperor, 987 CE Slowly expanded authority out from Paris Normans in England Descendants of Vikings, settled in France Invaded England in 1066 under William the Conqueror Dominated the Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups

11. Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities By 12 th century, city-states expanded power into hinterlands Normans invaded southern Italy, displaced Byzantine and Muslim authorities

12. Muslims controlled most of Iberian peninsula, 8 th to 12 th centuries From 11 th century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories Late 13 th century, Muslims remain only in Granada

13. Local nobles took over administration from weak central government Nominal allegiances but increasing independence Feudalism develops Feudalism

14. Complex interrelationship of lord-retainer relations Rebellion always a possibility Nevertheless, viable large states developed (Germany, France, England)

15. Large, diverse estates Lord provided governance, police, justice services Serfs provided labor, income

16. Increasing development of arable lands Clearing of forests Draining of swamps Improved agricultural techniques Crop rotation New crops, especially beans Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than oxen) Watermills

18. Urbanization follows increase in food supply Specialization of labor Textile production Italian trade Italy well-positioned for sea trade Merchants ventured into Asia

19. “Hansa,” association of trading cities Trade in Baltic Sea and North Sea Poland, northern Germany, Scandinavia

20. The three estates Those who pray: clergy Those who fight: knights Those who work: peasants Oversimplification of complex social reality

21. Additions to class of “those who work” Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc. Awkward fit into tripartite caste system By late 11 th century, towns demanded charters of integration for greater self-government

22. Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans By 13 th century, guilds control good portion of urban economy Price and quality control Membership Created social support network

23. New economic opportunities for women Dominated needle trade Representation in wide variety of trades Admitted to most guilds Some guilds for women only

24. High middle ages (1000–1300 CE), increasing wealth makes education possible and desirable Schools based in cathedrals Curriculum of Latin writings Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology

25. Academic guilds formed in 12 th century Both student and faculty organizations Higher standards of education promoted Guilds transformed cathedral schools into universities

26. Latin translations of texts circulated in Europe St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), major proponent of scholasticism Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle University of Paris

27. Population at large remained unaffected by scholasticism The seven sacraments gain ritual popularity Especially the Eucharist Devotion to Saints Heavenly intercession, pilgrimages, veneration of relics The Virgin Mary

28. Atlantic and Baltic colonization Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean Iceland, Greenland, Vinland (Canada) Canadian settlements do not succeed Kings of Denmark nominally convert to Christianity, Sweden and Finland follow

30. Religious Christians form military-religious orders Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights Religious vows of opposition to Islam and paganism Founded churches and monasteries

31. Sicily taken by Muslims in 9 th century, reconquered by Normans in 11 th century Slow displacement of Islam Opportunity for cross-cultural fertilization Two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest Become nucleus of reconquest, 1060s to 1492 Rapid, forceful assertions of Christian authority

32. Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 Salvation promised for casualties Rapid, enthusiastic response Peter the Hermit raises popular frenzy; mob destroyed on way to Jerusalem

33. 1096–1099, more organized expedition Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim organization Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in 1187Saladin

34. Five crusades by mid-13 th century, none successful Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople, 1202–1204 Yet Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies, trade Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production