1. Atmospheric Motion Vectors - CIMSS winds and products (http://tropic.ssec.wisc.edu/)

2. Applications of Atmospheric Motion Vectors Numerical Weather Prediction –Data thinned before assimilation Tropical Cyclone track prediction –Benefits can be dependent on assimilation method –Benefits measured using impact studies and by comparing predicted cyclone tracks with observed tracks Assist in surface and upper chart analysis QUESTION – how do you use Atmospheric Motion Vector data in your workplace ?

3. In explaining CIMSS cloud drift winds and products, we shall be examining the following case study image courtesy Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) image courtesy JMA/NRL Monterey Severe Tropical Cyclone Hamish. Satellite image (0630UTC) and Threat Map at 9 th March 2009

4. CIMSS Low to mid level infrared atmospheric motion vectors (9 th March 2009, 12UTC) Tracking cloud edges over a sequence of infrared images. Uses levels between 500 and 950 hPa. QUESTION: why are there no cloud drift winds near Severe Tropical Cyclone Hamish ? Image courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

5. CIMSS Lower level atmospheric convergence. (9 th March 2009, 12UTC) Uses gridded u and v atmospheric motion vector components averaged over the 850, 925 hPa levels. Convergence is computed using finite differencing of -(du/dx + dv/dy), where x and y are the horizontal grid spacing. Positive values are convergence as solid lines, divergence is dashed. Image courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

6. CIMSS upper level water vapour and infrared atmospheric motion vectors. Tracking gradients in a sequence of WV images and cloud edges in IR imagery. Uses levels between 100 and 500 hPa. QUESTION: with the forecast south-eastward movement of STC Hamish, what features may enhance / inhibit its development ? Image courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

7. CIMSS upper level atmospheric divergence. (9 th March 2009, 12UTC) Uses gridded u and v atmospheric motion vector components averaged over the 150, 200, 250 and 300 hPa levels. Divergence is computed using finite differencing of (du/dx + dv/dy), where x and y are the horizontal grid spacing. Positive values are divergence as solid lines, convergence is dashed. Image courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

8. CIMSS Atmospheric Shear. (9 th March 2009, 12UTC) Uses gridded u and v atmospheric motion vector components averaged over an upper layer (150, 200, 250, 300, 250 hPa) and a lower layer (700, 775, 850, 925 hPa). Difference in these components is used to compute shear between upper and lower layers. Streamlines indicate direction of shear QUESTION: with the forecast south-eastward movement of STC Hamish, what features may enhance / inhibit its development ? Image courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

9. CIMSS Atmospheric Vorticity. (9 th March 2009, 12UTC) Uses gridded u and v atmospheric motion vector components at a specified level (850 hPa) Vorticity is evaluated using finite differencing of (dv/dx - du/dy), where x and y are horizontal grid spacing A negative value (red, yellow, green) indicates cyclonic motion Image courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

10. A question regarding CIMSS Cloud Drift Winds The below images show the low-mid level cloud drift winds (left hand side panel) and the low level atmospheric convergence (right hand side panel) for southeastern Australia and adjacent waters at 18UTC, 27 th September 2011. Why is convergence indicated over southeastern Australia, even though there are nearly no cloud drift winds over the area ? Images courtesy University of Wisconsin – CIMSS

11. Using Rapid Scan imagery to generate Atmospheric Motion Vectors Examine the following slides, including the animation. List some advantages and some limitations in using rapid scan (5, 10 minute data) in generating Atmospheric Motion Vectors. AdvantagesLimitations

12. GOES-10 Visible Winds Impact of Higher Sampling Rates Image sourced from Daniels and Gray

13. Using rapid scan geostationary satellite data to generate Atmospheric Motion Vectors 5 September 2010, 00-23UTC From the presentation "Sea Surface Wind Estimation Using Rapid Scan AMV's" (M. Hayashi,) Advanced Forecaster Course (Science Week) presentation, BMTC 2013