1. Cowboys of the West

2. Cowboy- animal herder who tends cattle on ranches, on horseback and performs other ranch related tasks. Wrangler-tends to the horses used to work cattle Rodeo-competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding

3. Colonial times Cattle raising societies existed long before the Great Plains had been cleared of buffalo – Massachusetts, Carolinas, Florida, and the red clay hills of Georgia and Alabama Florida – Protocol involving branding evolved

4. The Cattle of Texas Cattle grew wild – End of the Civil War: 5 million cattle roaming Open Range – Cattle roam freely regardless of landownership Cowboy Golden Age: – 1866-1886, the era of the open range and the great cattle drives

5. Cattle Longhorn – breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns, which can extend to 7 ft Hereford – is a beef cattle breed, widely used both in intemperate areas and temperate areas, mainly for meat production

6. Associations -many ranchers grazed their cattle together – Montana Cattlemen’s Association – Montana Stockgrowers Association – Montana Cattlewomen

7. In order to find young calves for branding, and to sort out mature animals intended for sale, ranchers would hold a roundup, usually in the spring 1898 Roundup in Colorado

8. Roundup Near Great Falls, 1890

9. Brand – Marking to distinguish ownership Maverick – cattle without a brand

10. Civil War By the late 1860s, following the American Civil War and the expansion of the cattle industry, former soldiers from both the Union and Confederacy came west, seeking work prior to 1865, there was little demand for beef Price for cattle went up – Union armies had exhausted the supply – Urbanizing East provided a ready market – $4 steer in Texas was worth $40 in the North 1866 – Longhorns trailed to Sedalia, Missouri railhead

11. Philip Danforth Armour opened a meat packing plant in Chicago, which became known as Armour and Company. With the expansion of the meat packing industry, the demand for beef increased significantly By 1880, the company had become Chicago's most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America's meatpacking industry. During the same period, its facility in Omaha, Nebraska boomed as well, making the city's meatpacking industry the largest in the nation by 1959 1910

12. Protest Passage Indians and farmers – Trampled crops – Spread of Texas fever Outlaws/Cattle Rustlers – Stole cattle – Killed the drivers

13. New Trails and Cattle Towns Trails – Chisholm, Western, and Loving Cattle Towns/railhead towns – Abilene, Wichita, Ellsworth, Caldwell, and Dodge City – North to : Ogallala, Cheyenne, Glendive, and Miles City – ***By 1877, the largest of the cattle-shipping boom towns, Dodge City, Kansas, shipped out 500,000 head of cattle

14. Before the Civil War, the Shawnee Trail (far right) led Texas cattlemen to markets in Kansas City and St. Louis. Following the war, increased settlement closed that route, and in 1866 Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving blazed a trail west to the New Mexico and Colorado markets, called the Goodnight-Loving Trail (far left). Soon, however, railheads in Kansas led cowboys up the Chisholm Trail to Abilene, and up the Western Trail to Dodge City and points north

15. Chisholm Trail 1867-Jesse Chisholm created this trail – 1500 miles from Texas to Abilene, Kansas Along the way they ate grass at no cost to the rancher https://www.y outube.com/w atch?v=JnS9_- FFsRc

17. Charles Goodnight (1836-1929) become one of the most prosperous cattlemen in the American West he formed a partnership with an Irish investor, John G. Adair – ranch soon covered more than a million acres – herd of one hundred thousand head. – A pioneer in cattle breeding, Goodnight crossed the tough but scrawny Texas longhorns with the more traditional Herefords to produce a longhorn breed that was both independent and commercially lucrative. He also crossed buffalo with cattle to produce the first "cattalo."

18. Cowboys Young-early twenties and energetic Often either African American or Mexican Worked long hard days with little or no sleep Made about $35-$40 a month plus grub (food)- which is equal to about $600 today.

19. Dress Inspired Envy Cowboy Hats-high crowned with wide, floppy rims – Protection from the sun – Cup to scoop up water – Folded over as a pillow Bandana Handkerchief-tied around the neck – Cover mouth and nose from dust Vest – Protection from cold – Many pockets Boots-two inch heels – Rest in the stirrups – Dig into the ground while roping a calf Chaps – Protected from weather and thorns

20. Saddle – Traced all the way back to the Moors of North Africa – Came to America by way of the Spanish and Mexicans Bridle, lariat, six shooter

21. The lone cowboy is an American Myth – Cattle were always driven by a group of Drovers People who move livestock over large distances by walking them Drovers would take cattle on drives – Process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another

22. John Chisum 1824-1884 A cattle baron who moved longhorn herds from Texas into New Mexico – By the early 1860s 100,000 head of cattle and became one of the first to send his herds into New Mexico – 1875, he purchased the 40 acre South Spring Ranch, three miles south of Roswell, New Mexico and made it his headquarters of a cattle ranching empire that extended for 150 miles of land along the Pecos River.

23. Cattle Drives Cattle drives had to strike a balance between speed and the weight of the cattle – taken shorter distances each day, allowed periods to rest and graze both at midday and at night – single herd of cattle on a drive numbered about 3,000 head – At least 10 cowboys were needed, with three horses per cowboy

24. Cowboy’s Responsibilities Cowboys worked in shifts to watch the cattle 24 hours a day – herding them in the proper direction in the daytime and watching them at night – Stampedes-the herd begins running with no clear direction or purpose. – Deter theft

25. Chuckwagon used to carry food and cooking equipment on the prairies Chuckwagon food typically included easy-to-preserve items like; – beans and salted meats, coffee, and sourdough biscuits. – Food would also be gathered en route. On cattle drives, it was common for the "cookie" who ran the wagon to be second in authority only to the "trailboss". The cookie would often act as cook, barber, dentist, and banker.

26. End of the Open Range Barbed wire, an innovation of the 1880s, allowed cattle to be confined to designated areas to prevent overgrazing of the range – steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). Barbed wire was the first wire technology capable of restraining cattle

27. Wire fences were cheaper and easier to erect than their alternative. – Osage orange, a thorny bush which was time- consuming to transplant and grow. – The Osage orange later became a supplier of the wood used in making barb wire fence posts

28. Winter of 1886-1887 In the north, overgrazing stressed the open range, leading to insufficient winter forage for the cattle and starvation – occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods winter of 1886–1887, when hundreds of thousands of cattle died across the Northwest, leading to collapse of the cattle industry

29. Waiting for a Chinook, by C.M. Russell. Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the Open Range

30. By the 1890s, barbed wire fencing was also standard in the northern plains, railroads had expanded to cover most of the nation, and meat packing plants were built closer to major ranching areas, making long cattle drives from Texas to the railheads in Kansas unnecessary. Hence, the age of the open range was gone and large cattle drives were over