2. States of Consciousness

3. Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

4. When we are awake, we are… In a state of consciousness: our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings

5. The central theory of conscious behavior can be found in:

8. Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

9. Why do we daydream? Help us prepare for future events Nourish our social development Substitute for impulsive behavior

10. Biological Rhythms Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears’ hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles

11. Circadian Rhythm Our 24 hour biological clock Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks.

12. Sleep

13. Sleep Stages Five identified stages of sleep Takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages Brain’s waves change according to the sleep stage First four stages known as NREM sleep Fifth stage called REM sleep

14. Stage One Experienced as falling asleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep Lasts between one and five minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep Hallucinations and feeling of falling may occur

15. Stage Two Follows Stage One sleep The "baseline" of sleep Part of the 90 minute cycle Occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep

16. Stage Three & Four May last 15-30 minutes Called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the rhythm of Stage Two Height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically

17. Stage Three and Four (continued) The "deepest" stage of sleep and the most restorative (not REM, like many believe)! A sleep-deprived person's brain craves these stages most Can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time in children What makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the night.

18. Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye Movement Very active stage of sleep Composes 20-25% of a normal night’s sleep Breathing, heart rate, and brain wave activity quicken, but body is paralyzed Vivid dreams can occur From REM, you go back to Stage Two

20. How much sleep do we need? Need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep?

22. Why do we need sleep? (Two theories) 1.Ecological Niche: back in the day, darkness meant death; those that slept did not go out, thus, they did not die. Sleep protects us.

23. Sleep helps us to recuperate and restores the breakdown of our body.

24. Sleep Disorders

25. Insomnia Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. Not just once in a while; consistent Not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night

26. Narcolepsy Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during times of stress or joy)

27. Sleep Apnea A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and reawakenings

28. Night Terrors A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrifiedA sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often rememberedOccur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered

29. Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder affecting an estimated 10 percent of people at least once in their lives Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (Stage Three or Stage Four sleep) early in the night

30. Sleepwalking Symptoms and Features: difficulty in arousing the patient during an episode amnesia following an episode other medical and psychiatric disorders can be present but do not account for the symptom fatigue (which is not the same as drowsiness) stress and anxiety

32. Dreams A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind Manifest Content: the remembered storyline of a dream Latent Content: the underlying meaning of a dream

33. Manifest Content

34. Latent Content Dream Interpretation

35. Why do we Dream? Three Theories

36. Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Theory Dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our unconscious Manifest and latent content

37. Information-Processing Theory Sort out and understand the memories that you experience that day REM sleep increases after stressful events

38. Physiological Function Theories Activation-Synthesis Theory: Brainstem releases random neural activity Dreams make sense of that activity

39. REM Rebound The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation What will happen if you don’t get a good night’s sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours? You will dream a great deal. (Maybe even about being Michael Jordan, although Wilt Chamberlain may be more appropriate with 23,924 rebounds…)