1. APHG Unit 5 Agricultural Geography

2. Agricultural Terms to Know 1.Agriculture- growing plants or raising animals to produce food for sustenance (subsistence farming) or sale at market place 2.Hunters and gatherers- nomadic people who do not remain stationary but follow herds of wild animals and forage plants for survival – Men are usually the hunters – Women are usually the gatherers – Fewer than 250,000 people in the world are hunter and gathers (primarily in dry areas of Asia and Africa)

3. 3.Subsistence agriculture- farmers grow enough food to feed their families. Primarily found in the periphery areas of Africa and Asia 4.Commercial farming- farms produce food to be sold in groceries and markets. This primarily found in more developed countries

4. First Agricultural Revolution 1. Root Crops- began with gatherers learning to cut stems of a plant or planting root crops (vegetative planting). – Women were important to this process because they were the primary gatherers

5. Approximately 12,000 years ago… 2. Seed Agriculture evolved next. This is farming through planting seeds. – Leads to higher crop yields 3. Animal Domestication followed seed agriculture

6. Carl Sauer believed that vegetative farming knowledge first originated in Southeast Asia. He argued that Southeast Asia’s climate and terrain supported the growth of root crops like yams, taros, bananas, and palms.

7. Seed Agricultural Hearths 1.Western India (Indus River Valley)- wheat and barley 2. Southwest Asia (Tigris and Euphrates River Valley/ Mesopotamia)- Integrated seed agriculture with animal domestication of herd animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle.

8. 3.Northern China(Huang He and Yangtze River Valleys)- Millet was a small yellow grain 4.Ethiopia- Teff (smaller Millet grain) 5.Southern Mexico- squash and corn 6.Northern Peru- squash, cotton, beans Millet Teff

9. Second Agricultural Revolution During the Middle Ages most were subsistence farmers that worked an open-lot system (one large plot of community farmland that all villagers worked to produce food). As capitalism grew the enclosure movement began to develop – Enclosure movement-individual farmers would farm their own plot of land

10. Second Agricultural Revolution A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution). – Exampleseed drill advances in livestock breeding new fertilizers

11. Von Thunen Model – What farmers produce varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town. – Cost of transportation governs use of land. – First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity. Milkshed-Zone around the city’s center in which milk can be produced and shipped to the marketplace without spoiling.

12. Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution) invention of high-yield grains, wheat, corn, and especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger. - increased production of rice - new varieties in wheat and corn - reduced famines due to crop failure, now most famines are due to political problems - impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest where rice is produced

13. Opposition to Green Revolution Opposition argues Green Revolution has led to: – Plants are more vulnerable to pests – Soil erosion – Water shortages – Micronutrient deficiencies – Dependency on chemicals for production – Loss of control over seeds

14. Agricultural Biotechnology Using living organisms to produce or change plant or animal products Genetic modification is a type of biotechnology that uses scientific, genetic manipulations of crop and animal products to improve agricultural productivity and products – Examples: 1.reorganizing plant and animal DNA 2.Tissue culturing

15. Genetic modifications have led to 1. “superplants”- plants are grown at a much faster rate even in nutrient poor soil; they already have pesticides and fertilizers integrated into its DNA 2.“superchicken”- animals are manipulated and cloned to produce larger, beefed up to produce more meat at a faster rate

16. Subsistence Farming Remains widely practiced in less- developed/periphery countries It is divided into three parts: shifting cultivation, intensive subsistence agriculture, and pastoralism

17. Shifting Cultivation Extensive Subsistence Agriculture- using a large amount of land to cultivate food Farmers rotate the fields they cultivate to allow the soil to replenish its nutrients, rather than farming the same plot of land over and over It is found in the tropical zones, especially rainforest areas of Africa, the Amazon River Basin in South America, and throughout Southeast Asia

18. Shifting Cultivation Continued… Slash-and-burn agriculture (Milpa)- common way that subsistence farmers prepare a new plot of land for farming; land is cleared by cutting and burning the existing vegetation to clear a plot for new farmland (swidden) Intertillage-practice of mixing many types of seeds on the same plot of land; allows for a balanced diet and reduces the risk of crop failure

20. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Farmers cultivate small amounts of land very efficiently to produce food for their families Usually found in regions that are highly populated Found in China, India, and Southeast Asia – Terrace farming (pyramids)

21. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Continued… Rice is the dominant crop in South China, India, Southeast Asia, and Bangladesh where summer rainfall is abundant In areas with cold weather grains (wheat, corn, millet) are grown Double cropping- planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year

22. Pastoralism The breeding and herding of animals to produce food, shelter, and clothing Located in areas with limited arable land like North Africa, central and southern Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia 2 types: sedentary and nomadic

23. Sedentary- pastoralists live in one place and herd their animals in nearby pastures Nomadic- pastoralist travel with their herds and do not settle in one place for long – Transhumance: the movement of animal herds to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer, lowland areas in the winter

24. Subsistence Farming and Colonialism Colonial Powers forced subsistence farmers 1.To pay taxes, which forced the farmer to sell some of his crops 2.To use some of their land to grow cash crops like cotton Remember mercantilism=PROFITS!!! This forced cropping led to wide spread famine in areas where subsistence farming was dominant

25. Mediterranean Agriculture Associate with the region near the Mediterranean Sea and places with climates that have hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters (California, Chile, southern South Africa, and south Australia) Farming includes wheat, barley, vine and tree crops (grapes, figs, olives), and grazing sheep and goats

26. Commercial Farming Producing crops to sell in the marketplace Types of Commercial Farming – Mixed crop and livestock farming – Ranching – Dairying – Large scale grain production – Plantation farming

27. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Growing crops and raising livestock Most of the crops grown go to feed the livestock, which supplies fertilizer as well as goods for sale like eggs and milk Located in areas of Europe and eastern North America Practice crop rotation

28. Ranching Commercial grazing, or the raising of animals on a plot of land Cattle and sheep are most common on ranches due to high demand of meat and wool Practiced in western U.S., Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay (rare in Europe except for Spain and Portugal)

29. Dairying Growth of milk-based products for the marketplace Dairy farms close to the marketplace produce the most perishable fluid milk products Dairy farms further from the marketplace produce milk goods such as cheese and butter Practiced in cities in northeastern U.S., southeastern Canada, northwestern Europe

30. Small farms and capital intensive Capital Intensive farms- use a lot of machinery in the labor process Improvements in technology and transportation enable farmers to locate further from the city’s center, thus increasing the milkshed

31. Large-Scale Grain Production Extensive commercial grain farm where the grain typically is grown to be exported to other places for consumption Wheat is the dominant crop Most common in Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia, France, England, and Ukraine U.S. is the largest large-scale grain producing country

32. Wheat is the world’s leading export crop and is dominated by the U.S. and Canada Many grain farms produce food for animals not humans

33. Plantation Farming/ Agricultural Estates Involves large-scale farming operations specializing in one or two high demand crops for export Introduced to tropical and subtropical zones by European colonizers Coffee, tea, pineapples, palms, coconuts, rubber, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton Most exist in the low-latitude and periphery areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America

34. Owned by corporations or individuals from more developed countries Labor intensive, which requires large numbers of seasonal laborers

35. Cadastral Systems/ Land Survey Systems A Latin term from 'cadastre' referring to a registry of lands. Cadastral surveying is the process of determining and defining land ownership and boundaries.

36. Cadastral Systems Township and Range System (used by the British and established in British colonies) - it is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections.

37. Rectangular Survey System-prevailing survey system in the U.S. Adopted after the Revolutionary War by the Federal Government. It is similar to the township range system.

38. Metes and Bounds Survey uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.

39. Longlot Survey System (used by the French and established in French colonies) divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

40. Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US

41. Township and Range – The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

42. Longlot Survey System – The cultural landscape of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels. People live in nucleated villages and land ownership is highly fragmented.

43. MATERIALREGIONS COMMONLY FOUND WoodEurasia, U.S. Pacific Coast, North America, Australia, Brazil, and Chile StoneEurope, Egypt, India, western China, Yucatan, Mexico, South- Central Africa, Middle East Grass and brushLow-latitude regions: African savanna, East African highlands, upland South Africa, South American highlands, Amazon Basin; northern Australia Poles and sticks (wattle) Africa, Southeast Asia, West Africa, Amazon Basin in South America Sun-dried brick (brick is often used where wood is not available) Middle East, Middle and South America, northern China, African savanna, and North Africa Oven-baked brickModern, contemporary areas in more developed countries HOUSING AND BUILDING MATERIALS AROUND THE WORLD

44. Village Forms

45. Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture Commercialization and Industrialization of Crop Production; with the development of new agricultural technologies, the production of agriculture has changed. - Example: Poultry industry in the US farming is turning into manufacturing

46. Agribusiness It is the combination of various pieces of food production including: Farms—processing plants---packagers---fertilizer laboratories--- distributors---advertising agencies

47. Industrial Agriculture in the United States Regions of Specialization in the U.S. 1.Dairy Belt-ubiquitous (everywhere) 2.Corn Belt-centers around Iowa and Illinois 3.Spring Wheat Belt-centers around North Dakota 4.Winter Wheat Belt-centers around Kansas 5.Rice-California and Arkansas

48. 6.Soybeans-high correlation with corn 7.Citrus-Florida, California, and Texas 8.Cotton-Texas, Mississippi, and California 9.Tobacco- Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia 10.Broilers (Chicken farms)- ubiquitous and Appalachians; southeast U.S.

49. 11.Sugar cane-Louisiana and Hawaii 12.Sugar beets-western United States; Nebraska 13.Sorghum-south central United States 14.Peanuts-Georgia 15.Grapes-Wines- California and New York 16.Fruit belt-western Great Lakes 17.Beef cattle-ubiquitous 18.Sheep-western U.S. and Alaska

50. Effects of Agribusiness In the U.S. the family farm has been lost to corporate farming * 1920 1 in 3 US citizens lived on farms 1978 1 in 28 US citizens lived on farms Farmers in less developed (periphery) countries have been forced to sell their lands to foreign corporations to survive – Grow cash crops like coffee and tea – Does not produce enough food for consumption – Corporations get richer, but people go hungry

51. Organic Agriculture Organic Agriculture – The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds. - sales of organic foods on the rise - grown everywhere - demand in wealthier countries

52. Organic Agriculture

53. Fair Trade Agriculture Fair Trade Coffee – shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers. - guarantees a “fair trade price” - over 500,000 farmers - produced in more than 20 countries - often organically produced

54. Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows his beans organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better price for his coffee.