1. States of Consciousness

2. What is Consciousness? Consciousness consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories and feeling you are aware of. Altered States of Consciousness

3. Levels of Consciousness Based on Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory Preconscious: Information that is not currently in consciousness but available to consciousness Unconscious: Part of the mind that stores emotional memories, desires and feelings that could be harmful if brought to consciousness

4. Daydreams A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires or fantasies Advantages include: –A way to escape –Prepare for future events –Aware of unfinished business –Increase creativity –Substitute for impulsive behavior

5. Who’s Paying Attention?

6. Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythms: periodic physiological fluctuations built into human beings that repeats approximately every 24 hours

7. Sleep’s Functions Theories: 1. Sleep protects 2. Helps us recuperate 3. Facilitates growth in babies

8. Sleep Deprivation

9. Sleep Sleep: refers to the periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness. Using an EEG, sleep researchers have shown the mind is “awake” during various stages of sleep.

10. Brain Waves and Stages of Sleep

11. Sleep Stages: Stage One (Light Sleep) During Stage 1 sleep, your heart rate slows, breathing becomes irregular and experience hypnic jerks. Slow Theta waves accompanied by fast Beta waves will appear on the EEG machine in Stage 1

12. Second Stage: Sleep Spindles After about 5 minutes in stage 1 sleep, you delve into Stage 2 sleep which is characterized by –Sleep Spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic, brain wave activity. Stage where you are clearly asleep. Sleep talking can occur in this stage or any other later stage.

13. Stages Three and Four In these two stages the sleeper enters a progressively deeper state of relaxed sleep The heart rate and breathing slows down at this stage. Brain waves also slow. Deepest point of sleep occurs in Stage 4 As stage 4 ends, the sleeper climbs back through the stages in reverse order

14. Stage Four: Deep Sleep Stage when you are hard to awaken…but still aware of stimuli around you. This is due to a resurgence in electrical activity in the brain. Stage at which children may wet the bed or sleep walk. Also experience night terrors.

15. R.E.M. Sleep R.E.M.: rapid eye movement sleep, stage where vivid dreams occur. Heart rate increases, Breathing more rapid, eyes dart behind lids. R.E.M. sleep is now thought of as it’s own stage of sleep, between being awake and Stage 1 of sleep NREM sleep occurs during the sleep stages, and this is a time where there are no dreams, or the dreams are not recalled as vividly as R.E.M. sleep

16. R.E.M. Sleep

17. Sleep Disorders Insomnia: inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. 10-15 % of adults Sleeping pills and alcohol might make it worse –Less REM sleep

18. Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea: sleep disorder characterized by a temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary awakenings. Often complained about as “snoring.” Often interrupts deep sleep stages leaving person feeling exhausted.

19. Dreams

20. What’s the Meaning Of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask! Psychoanalytic Theorists like Freud will argue that dreams represent the royal road to the “unconscious.” Dreams represent unresolved wishes/desires and discharge feelings that would be unacceptable if consciously voiced. –wish fulfillment –discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content: represents remembered story line of a dream. Latent Content: represents underlying meaning of dreams dealing with wishes and drives.

21. What’s The Meaning of Dreams? Depends Who You Ask! Activation-Synthesis Theory: dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from the brain stem. Dreams, then, are the brain’s attempt to make sense of (synthesize) this random activity

22. ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS HYPNOSIS & MEDITATION

23. Hypnosis Hypnosis- an altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility

24. Hypnosis Can anyone Experience Hypnosis? It depends on the subject’s openness to suggestion

25. Hypnosis Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? Hypnosis does not help us recover “accurate memories as far back as birth” Highly hypnotizable people are especially venerable to false memory suggestions

26. Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness Hypnosis as a social phenomenon Behaviors produced through hypnotic procedures can also be produced without them People do what is expected of them

27. MEDITATION Is defined as a mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness Meditation interrupts the typical flow of thoughts, worries and analysis. It helps to reduce stress, anxiety, tension, etc… Evokes a Relaxation Response