1. Musculoskeletal System Lesson 3
Sports Medicine 10

2. Major Muscle Groups to Know
Rotator Cuff
Abdominals
Quads
Glutes
Hamstrings

3. Major Bone Groupings to Know
Vertebral Column
Carpals
Tarsals
Ribs/Sternum

4. Rotator Cuff Remember: “S I T S” Supraspinatus Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

5. Abdominals Transverse Abdominis Rectus Abdominis (“6 pack”)
Internal Oblique (Deep)
External Oblique (Superficial)

6. Quadriceps Group Quad = 4 Rectus Femoris (A)
Vastus Intermedius (Deep) (B)
Vastus Medialis (C)
Vastus Lateralis (D)

7. Glutes Gluteus Maximus (Superficial) Gluteus Medius (Middle)
Gluteus Minimus (Deep)
Piriformis (Deep)

8. Hamstrings
Biceps Femoris (1)
Semitendinosus (2)
Semimembranosus (3)

9. Vertebral Column Cervical (7 – “breakfast at 7”)
Thoracic (12 – “lunch at 12”)
Lumbar (5 – “dinner at 5”)
Sacral (5 fused)
Coccyx (3-5 fused)

10. Carpals Wrist Bones “Sally Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard”
Proximal/Row 1: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Distal/Row 2: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

11. Tarsals

12. Tarsals continued The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns
The (Talus) Circus (Calcaneus) Needs (Navicular)
More (Medial Cuneiform) Interesting (Intermediate Cuneiform) Little (Lateral Cuneiform) Clowns (Cuboid)

13. The Ribs and Sternum
The sternum (breastbone) has three parts – Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid
There are 3 types of ribs: True (1-7), False (8-10), and Floating (11-12)
True: connects directly to the sternum anteriorly
False: does not connect directly (attached by cartilage)
Floating: do not connect to the sternum at all

14. Musculoskeletal Conditions

15. Structural Disorders - Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Causes:
Congenital scoliosis. Caused by a bone abnormality present at birth.
Neuromuscular scoliosis. Abnormal muscles or nerves. Frequently seen in people with spina bifida or cerebral palsy 
Degenerative scoliosis. May result from traumatic (from an injury or illness) bone collapse, previous major back surgery, or osteoporosis (thinning of the bones).
Idiopathic scoliosis. The most common type of scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis, has no specific identifiable cause. Strong evidence that idiopathic scoliosis is inherited.

16. Who gets Scoliosis?
Approximately 2% to 3% of Americans at age 16 have scoliosis.
Less than 0.1% have spinal curves measuring greater than 40 degrees, which is the point at which surgery becomes a consideration.
Overall, girls are more likely to be affected than boys. Idiopathic scoliosis is most commonly a condition of adolescence affecting those ages 10 through 16.
Idiopathic scoliosis may progress during the "growth spurt" years, but usually will not progress during adulthood.

17. Treatment
Braces. Bracing is the usual treatment choice for adolescents who have a spinal curve between 25 degrees to 40 degrees -- particularly if their bones are still maturing and if they have at least 2 years of growth remaining.
Surgery. Those who have curves beyond 40 degrees to 50 degrees are often considered for scoliosis surgery.
Many studies have shown that electrical stimulation, exercise programs, and manipulation are of no benefit in preventing the progression of scoliosis. However, people with scoliosis should stay active and fit.

18. Other Spinal Column Disorders
Lordosis – “swayback” (abnormal anterior curve in lumbar vertebrae)
Kyphosis – “hunchback” (abnormal posterior curve in thoracic vertebrae)

19. Joint Disorders
Arthritis - inflammation of a joint. It causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. Over time, the joint can become severely damaged.
Bursitis - inflammation of a fluid-filled sac that cushions the joint
Dislocations -  injuries that force the ends of the bones out of position

20. Arthritis
"Arthritis" defines around 200 rheumatic disease and conditions that affect joints.
Pain, aching, stiffness and swelling in and around one or more joints. The symptoms can develop gradually or suddenly. Certain rheumatic conditions can also involve the immune system and various internal organs of the body.
Arthritis is more common among adults aged 65 years or older, but people of all ages (including children) can be affected.
Arthritis can impair a person's ability to perform "everyday" tasks.

21. Potential Causes/Treatment
Injury - leading to degenerative arthritis
Abnormal metabolism - leading to gout
Inheritance - such as in osteoarthritis
Infections - such as in the arthritis of Lyme disease
Immune system dysfunction
Treatment:
Medications
Physical or occupational therapy
Splints or joint assistive aids
Patient education and support
Weight loss
Surgery - joint replacement and joint surgery.

22. Bursitis
A painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae, that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed.
The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip. But you can also have bursitis by your knee, heel and the base of your big toe. Bursitis often occurs near joints that perform frequent repetitive motion.
If you have bursitis, the affected joint may:
Feel achy or stiff
Hurt more when you move it or press on it
Look swollen and red

23. Treatment
Bursitis treatment usually involves conservative measures, such as rest, ice and taking a pain reliever. If conservative measures don't work, treatment may include:
Therapy. Your doctor may recommend physical therapy or exercises to strengthen the muscles in the affected area to ease pain and prevent recurrence.
Injections. Your doctor may inject a corticosteroid drug into the bursa to relieve inflammation in your shoulder or hip. This treatment generally brings rapid pain relief and, in many cases, one injection is all you need.
Assistive device. Temporary use of a walking cane or other device will help relieve pressure on the affected area.
Surgery. Sometimes an inflamed bursa must be surgically drained, but only rarely is surgical removal of the affected bursa necessary.

24. Dislocations Temporarily deforms and immobilizes your joint.
Most common in the shoulders and fingers. Other sites for dislocations include the elbows, knees and hips.
If you suspect a dislocation, seek prompt medical attention to return your bones to their proper positions.
When treated properly, most dislocations return to normal function after several weeks of rest and rehabilitation. However, some joints, such as your shoulder, may have an increased risk of repeat dislocation.
A dislocated joint may be:
Visibly deformed or out of place
Swollen or discolored
Intensely painful
Immovable
You may also experience tingling or numbness near or below the injury — such as in your foot for a dislocated knee or in your hand for a dislocated elbow.