1. LECTURE 4.1

2. LECTURE OUTLINE Weekly Deadlines. Weekly Deadlines. CRRA Report #2: History CRRA Report #2: History Concept Map: The History of Materials. Concept Map: The History of Materials. Self-Review: The Sulfur Essay. Self-Review: The Sulfur Essay. UNIT 4 Prototype Quiz. UNIT 4 Prototype Quiz.

4. CRRA REPORT #2 History of Sulfur: Concept Map as an Organizational Tools

6. CRRA REPORT #2 History of Sulfur: Self-Review Questions: Content

7. Is the origin/meaning of the material’s name explained? Yes (2) √ The first sentence of the essay states: “The name sulfur derives from the Sanskrit sulvere, and the Latin sulpur, [1] which means, “burning stone”.

8. Does the essay discuss the circumstances surrounding the initial discovery/use of the material? No (0) √ Feedback. The circumstances surrounding the “discovery” of sulfur are shrouded in the mysteries of time!

9. Does the essay clearly describe the contributions, of various people to e.g., the discovery/invention of the material? No (0) √ No, for the same reason as 2 above.

10. Does the essay contain anecdotal information/quotations from writers in antiquity? Yes (2) √ In the first paragraph, beginning with the third sentence, it is stated: “For example, Homer, perhaps writing in the ninth century BC, extolled the virtues of this element, as “pest-averting sulfur” [1]; the first book of the Bible, Genesis, also mentions sulfur.”

11. Is the extraction/processing of the material in antiquity, presented? Yes (2) √ In the fifth paragraph, first sentence, it is stated: “In antiquity, sulfur could be obtained from volcanic regions, and the Romans obtained their sulfur from Etruscan mines, and from Sicily [5].”

12. Are the historical applications of the material clearly presented? Yes (2) √ Feedback. Beginning with the fist sentence, second paragraph, the historical applications of sulfur are described, viz: “Almost from the very first, sulfur was used as a chemical reagent, and it later figured prominently in alchemical writings.”

13. Is the historical importance of the material established? Yes (2) √ The historical importance of the material is implicit in e.g., the list of recipes that made use of sulfur, vid: Making alloys Making alloys Imitating precious metals Production of artificial gemstones Dyestuffs Writing in gold Whitening of pearls Soldering Surface coloration.

14. Are political/strategic/economic implications of the material’s availability, introduced? No (0) √ Availability does not appear to be an issue!

15. Is the essay placed in a suitable geographical context? Yes (2) √ The essay discusses the use of sulfur in diverse geographical locations, e.g., Egypt and China, vid: “The Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and latterly the Chinese found less benign uses for sulfur.”

16. Are environmental problems/issues highlighted? No (0) √ Environmental issues are not addressed, even though they are of major concern.