2. Cross-cultural awareness in the perspective of the education for international understanding 国际理解教育视野下的跨文化意识培养 深圳大学 高天明

3. Some questions for the teachers 1.What is global competency? 2.Will our students be global players? 3.What are the international knowledge requirements of students? 4.What can we do to make sure the students will be successfully “on-board” in global position? 5.What are the risks the students will face?

4. 6.What is our responsibility? 7.What do we know about global student development?

5. Cross-culture Experiences as Journey? Starting Out… This road leads me to the border, to the boundary, to the breaking point of all I know. Will I go? Will I grow? Dare I say no?

6. What Is Culture? 什么是文化？ Culture is a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living Where 文化 Culture 是由一组人共享的一起形成的考虑再哪儿居住的整套价值和 规范 -values are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable - 价值 values 是关于一群人认为是好的、正确的和可期望的抽象概念 -norms are the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations - 规范 norms 是规定特定环境下正确行为的社会工作和准则 Society refers to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms 社会 Society 分享一套公共价值和规范的一群人

7. Culture is acquired instead of hereditary “All over the world, since the beginning of human history, it can be shown that peoples have been able to adopt the culture of peoples of another blood. There is nothing in the biological structure of man that makes it even difficult. Man is not committed in detail by his biological constitution to any particular variety of behavior.”

8. Biological vs. cultural Sneezing is biological while saying ‘god bless you’ is cultural. Feeling hungry is nature while what we eat and how we eat is cultural.

9. Sleeping is nature while where one sleeps is cultural. Giving birth is nature while where and how a woman gives birth is cultural. Human beings are cultured animals.

10. The Characteristics of Culture

11. There Are Differences Among Cultures. By the evolution of human being, the world culture is always full of colors and variety. By the nature of nationality, a nation will not be a nation without its own special culture. In reality, we don’t see the homogenous world culture. From the integrated characteristic of culture, cultures can be different.

12. What problems may be caused by our failure to recognize cultural differences? Nowadays the world is becoming much more mobile than ever before. under this circumstance, it is not uncommon to find some problems caused by the ignorance of cultural difference.firstly, this ignorance may cause some tension between outsiders and the local people. for example, it is a custom for some arabic women to cover their body tightly in the street. if you point at it or even laugh at it, the people there would certainly be greatly offended. secondly, the failure of recognizing cultural of the difference can lead to misunderstanding between people. as far as i know, nodding the head means no rather than yes in certain area. this would very possibly causes some misderstanding when you ask for permission for something else. lastly, the ignorance about each other's culture can even cause clashs or wars between counties, which is fully confirmed by history.

13. How can we deal with cultural differences? First,we should respect other cultures.Different culture have different features.Though different,they're all the treasures of human intelligent.They stand for the development of civilization.Second,it's better for us to learn more about other cultures.Once knowing more,we can understand others better and make less mistakes when communicating with people of different cultures.Last but not the least,as the old idiom says" when in Rome do as the Romans do". There may be many other things we can do between different cultures.But the most important,I think,is the recognition and respect of each other.

14. Understanding Cultural Differences culture forms Dominant culture Co-culture subculture

15. Subcultures/co-cultures Understanding Cultural Differences ethnic occupational regional religiouseconomical Gender-related

16. Dominant Culture Sub-culture/ Co-culture The Normal Distributions of Cultural Characteristics Understanding Cultural Differences 文化 维度 人数

17. Chinese CultureAmerican Culture Understanding Cultural Differences Culture ACulture B 个体主义 Individualism 集体主义 Collectivism 讨论文化差异时指的是国家或民族总体样本的平均水平的差异， 而非个体水平的差异。

18. Understanding Cultural Differences Culture A Culture B 文化曲线的陡峭和扁平程度（及数据的集中程度）表现出一种 文化理念被一个社会所共同认可的程度。 曲线越扁平，认同程度越低。 Chinese Culture Japanese Culture Factors: Stability of social consciousness Homogeneous population Density of population

19. Understanding Cultural Differences

20. Comparing Cultures as Overlapping Normal Distribution Culture difference

21. The Process of Acculturation Home New SeparationAssimilation Marginalization Segregation Integration

22. ▲Questions: Have you ever experienced any strange situations? What were your responses? Tell them to your group members and discuss why you had certain feelings or responses towards these situations. It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. Culture shock Culture Shock

23. Forms of culture shock a.Language shockLanguage shock b.Role shockRole shock c.Transition shockTransition shock d.Cultural FatigueCultural Fatigue e.Education ShockEducation Shock f.Adjustment StressAdjustment Stress g.Culture DistanceCulture Distance

24. Cross-Cultural Awareness So, why do we need to be critically cognizant of other people’s culture? To facilitate awareness and understanding of other people’s actions and reactions Prevents misunderstandings due to a lack of awareness. To create a climate that is conducive to maximum teaching and learning; providing their culture is included in the classroom instruction Students not feeling isolated as ‘outsiders’ –Affective filter (Krashen) is lowered which promotes further engagement in the classroom

25. How can we facilitate self-cultural and cross-cultural awareness? Culture shock activity Can be “ a powerful learning tool” (Adler, 1987, p. 24). Culturally Responsive Teaching Inclusion of students' cultural references in all aspects of learning (Ladson-Billings, 1994).

26. Culturally sensitive practices need to be implemented in the classroom to: Create a climate that is conducive to maximum learning and teaching for all students. Allow all students the opportunity to think ‘outside their box’ with a different set of lenses (perspective), which will help promote cultural understanding and awareness.

27. Culturally Responsive Teaching Strategies 1. Involving the Parents 2. Communicating High Expectations 3. Involving and Valuing the First Language and Culture 4. Examining The Effects of Cultural Differences 5. Are Student-centred and Constructivist Adapted from: (Principles for Culturally Responsive Teaching, 2006)

28. It is important for teachers to remember to: Be self- and cross-culturally aware. Realize and understand the struggles that students from other cultures may face. Ensure that teaching strategies employed in the classroom are culturally sensitive and are based upon the needs of the students.

29. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions a.Individualism versus collectivism b.Masculinity versus femininity c.Uncertainty avoidance d.Power distance e.Long-term versus short-term

30. individualism versus collectivism 集体主义与个人主义 个人主义：个人主义占主导地位，人们处于松散的社会组织 中，以各自的家庭为主并为谋取自己的利益而努力。这种文 化观推崇个人自由和个人责任感，坚信 “ 我能行 ” 。 集体主义：组织紧密的社会组织。在这个组织里，每个成员 紧密的依赖于扩大的家庭或团体，注重团体利益的一致性与 协调性，团体利益高于一切。集体决策是至高无上的、企业 组织突出小组和部门。

31. 集体主义与个人主义群体的观点之不同 集体主义考虑 (collectivism) 个人主义考虑 (individualism) 雇员与雇主之间的关系是有形可 知的，像家庭关系 雇员与雇主之间的关系是一共同 利益为基础的契约关系 集体式管理个人式管理 人际关系高于工作工作压倒关系 耻辱和个人丢面子犯法、内疚与自尊 Source: Hofsted 1991 P67

32. 31 Ranking of Individualism Country or Region RankingCountry or Region Ranking U.S.A1Taiwan36 Australia2Peru37 Great Britain3Pakistan38 Canada4Colombia39 Netherlands5 Venezuela 委 內瑞拉 40

33. 32 Individualism vs. Collectivism 在霍夫斯泰德的研究中，一个社会的个人主义 / 集体主义倾向是通过 个人主义指数 II Individualism Index 来衡量的。这一指数的数值越大 ，说明该社会的个人主义倾向越明显，如美国；反之数值越小，则说 明该社会的集体主义倾向越明显，如日本和亚洲大多数国家。 表 2 ：部分国家和地区个人主义指数 国 别 得 分 排 名 美国 91 1 很强的个人主义倾向 英国 89 3 很强的个人主义倾向 法国 71 10/11 较强的个人主义倾向 德国 67 15 较强的个人主义倾向 日本 46 22/23 较强的集体主义倾向 中国香港 25 37 较强的集体主义倾向 韩国 18 43 较强的集体主义倾向 中国台湾 17 44 较强的集体主义倾向 危地马拉 6 53 很强的集体主义倾向

34. 日本：突出来的钉子，将会被打下去。 In Japan, "the nail that sticks up is pounded down," 前苏维埃：最早长出来的草，最先被砍去。 In the former Soviet Union, "the highest blade of grass is always the first to be cut" that governed the attitude of the "have-nots" are valid reflections of collectivist societal attitudes. 枪打出头鸟。 人怕出名，猪怕壮。 表现了社会对个人超过集体的不能容忍。 Both express society's intolerance of the placement of personal success over that of the group.  从文化的这个特点来看，北美文化具有个人主义特点。 以色列、阿拉伯国家、日本和中国文化则是集体主义文 化典型的例子。

35. High-context Culture: In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.

36. Low-context Culture: In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. English, North American, German Examples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.

37. Malaysian: Can I ask you a question? European American: Yes, of course. M: Do you know what time it is? E: Yes, it’s 2 o’clock. M: Might you have a little soup left in the pot? E: What? I don’t understand. M: I will be on campus teaching until 9 o’clock tonight, a very long day for any person, let alone a hungry one! E: Would you like me to drive you to a restaurant off campus so you can have lunch? M: What a good idea you have!

38. 马来西亚人：我能问你个问题吗？ 美国人：是的，当然可以。 马来西亚人：你知道现在几点了吗？ 美国人：是的。现在两点了。 马来西亚人：你能在锅里留一点汤吗？ 美国人：什么？我不明白。 马来西亚人：（由于他的同事没理解他的话他便 更直接一点）今晚我要教学直到九点，对正常人 来说都是很长的时间，何况对于一个饥饿的人呢 ？ 美国人：（终于明白了他的意思）那么你介意我 载你出去到餐馆里吃晚餐吗？ 马来西亚人 ：你的主意不错！

39. 38 Power Distance 权力距离 High PD Culture: –People who hold power and people who are affected by power are significantly far apart –Vertical, hierarchical –E.g. India, Brazil, Singapore, Greece, Venezuela, Mexico, etc. Low PD Culture: –The power holders and people affected by the power holders are significantly closer –Horizontal –E.g. Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, etc.

40. 39 权力距离就是指人们对权力、地位和待遇差异的接受程度， 以下这个案例就阐释了这一点： 在墨西哥存在着尊重掌权者的倾向。上司的尊重表现为保持 一定的社会距离，主要是不情愿授权给下属。 公平竞争、共担责任和按规则办事是美国尊重的特征。尊敬 是赢得的，而不是给予的。在美国，成为团队成员的能力就 反映着责任。 美国人通常认为墨西哥人屈从权威是一种缺乏主见和不幸服 从的表现，墨西哥人把美国人的坚持公平竞争和委派的愿望 看成是没有能力接受与职位相联系的权力。 在权力距离较大的国家中，比如墨西哥，利用影响力和培养 强有力的结盟就是常见的做法。而同样的做法在权力距离较 小的国家中，比如美国将会受到指责。在那些国家，人们往 往随便地直呼其名，大多数商务交往也比较随意。这就是权 力距离的影响。

41. 交际风格差异 中国人 – 重礼仪、言语含蓄委婉 ，方式谦虚和蔼，常用 谦词 （ e.g., 开场白） – 高语境交际 : （ high- context) 相当一部分信 息隐含在情境中 – 多自我交流，重心领神 会 (intra-) 西方人 – 等级和身份观念淡薄， 习惯以十分肯定的方式 ，直截了当地表达自己 的意见 – 低语境交际（ low- context): 信息通过文字 表达出来 – 少自我交流，重言谈沟 通 (inter-)

42. 人际关系差异 中国人 （ close) – 家庭化的社会关系：家 庭是一切社会关系的基 础，扩大到其他人际关 系（关系网） – 注重长幼有序 – 如称谓 （ e.g, aunt) 社会权势系列：沿着职 务方向延伸 家族系列：亲属称谓 西方人 (loose ） – 个人独立性较强，人与 人之间的关系松散 E.g., 孩子的独立性：参 与意识、责任意识；提 供帮助的方式 – 就事论事 – 朋友间不愿承担过多的 责任和义务（ e.g, go Dutch; gift )

43. 42 Ranking of Masculinity Country or Region Ranking*Country or Region Ranking Japan1Yugoslavia36 Austria2Denmark37 Venezuela3Netherlands38 Italy4Norway39 Switzerland5Sweden40 *A low score means the country can be classified as one that favors Masculinity.

44. 43 男性度 / 女性度的倾向用男性度指数（ MDI ： Masculinity Dimension Index ）来衡量，这一指数的数值越大，说明该社 会的男性化倾向越明显，男性气质越突出（最典型的代表是日 本）；反之，数值越小，说明该社会的男性化倾向越不明显， 男性气质弱化，而女性气质突出 。 部分国家和地区男性度指数 MDI 一览表 国别 MDI 得分 MDI 排名 结论 日本 95 1 很强的男性化倾向 英国 66 9/10 较强的男性化倾向 德国 66 9/10 较强的男性化倾向 美国 62 15 中上的男性化倾向 中国香港 57 18/19 中上的男性化倾向 中国台湾 45 32/33 中等的男性化倾向 法国 43 35/36 中等的男性化倾向 韩国 39 41 中等的男性化倾向 瑞典 5 53 很弱的男性化倾向

45. 44 Masculinity - Femininity 在男性气质突出的国家中，社会竞争意识强烈， 成功的尺度就是财富功名，社会鼓励、赞赏工作 狂，人们崇尚用一决雌雄的方式来解决组织中的 冲突问题，其文化强调公平、竞争，注重工作绩 效，信奉的是 “ 人生是短暂的，应当快马加鞭，多 出成果 ” ，对生活的看法则是 “ 活着是为了工作 ” ； 而在女性气质突出的国家中，生活质量的概念更 为人们看中，人们一般乐于采取和解的、谈判的 方式去解决组织中的冲突问题，其文化强调平等 、团结，人们认为人生中最重要的不是物质上的 占有，而是心灵的沟通，信奉的是 “ 人生是短暂的 ，应当慢慢地、细细地品尝 ” ，对生活的看法则是 “ 工作是为了生活 ” 。

46. Time language Space language Body language Paralanguage

47. We study intercultural communication because we want to communicate more effectively with people from other cultures.

48. Intercultural Communication Interactions between people who do not share the same value orientations, communication codes, or role expectations. globalization makes ideas, customs, and cultural movements all follow closely after the exchange of goods across national boundaries. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct to alter the communication event.

49. How intercultural communication is applied: Training of business executives and technicians Training of new immigrants and foreign students Multicultural education Foreign language teaching General cultural awareness

50. Defining Culture Shock 文化冲击定义 Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. Linell Davis, 1999

51. So is culture shock all bad? No! Culture shock can have positive effects: Learning experiences Better intercultural understanding Improved feelings of capability and confidence.

52. Four types of visitors Tourists- zero to six months Sojourners- six months to five years Immigrants- permanent Refugees- forced to move out of their home culture

53. Potential Problems in Intercultural Communication 跨文化交流中潜在的问题 Seeking similarities: most of us prefer our own kind and avoid the unfamiliar Uncertainty reduction: stress and frustration caused by the existence of uncertainty Diversity of communication styles Stereotyping and prejudice: make in-group and out- group distinction Misuse of power: unequal status and power of the visitor and the hosts Culture shock Ethnocentrism

54. Effects of culture shock Physical Symptoms Psychological Symptoms Culture Shock

55. Cultural Transition Process 文化冲击的过程 (1) honeymoon period (3) initial adjustment (5) acceptance & integration (2) culture shock (4) depression time

56. Honeymoon period: fascinated, excited, elated Culture shock: physical and mental fatigue and stress Initial adjustment: beginning to adjust, more comfortable, willing to venture out Mental isolation: lonely, confused identity, frustrated, psychologically isolated Acceptance and integration: establish a routine, accustomed, blended culture identity, multicultural

57. Culture shock Here are some excerpts from the postcards of English students studying in China. Please identify they were written in which stage of culture shock.

58. Culture shock Dear Joan, Life here seems not so bad after all. The people are quite nice once you get to know them a little better and begin to figure out their way of looking at things. Guess I’m beginning --- just beginning --- to know the ropes. Love Peter

59. Culture shock Dear Michael, This is a fantastic place! So many interesting things to see, such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven. Even wandering the streets is a delight with all the bustle and hordes of cyclists. I’m really happy I came. Best wishes Simon

60. ABCs of culture shock Affectively: anxiety, confusion, and desire to be elsewhere Behaviorally: confused as to norms and rules Cognitively: lack competence to interpret bizarre behaviors

61. An example of CS’s Effects American, German, and Polish women living in Britain were twice as likely to commit suicide as British women, though there were no such differences in suicide rates for men (Bochner, 1986).

62. Culture shock Dear Michael, This is a fantastic place! So many interesting things to see, such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven. Even wandering the streets is a delight with all the bustle and hordes of cyclists. I’m really happy I came. Best wishes Simon

63. Culture shock Dear Nicky, Thanks for your letter. It was lovely to hear from you. I’ve been thinking about your question about what I find strangest about living in China - -- but the trouble is I’ve been here so long and have settled into the way of life so much that everything seems perfectly ordinary! So, if you want to find out you’ll have to come out to see for yourself with a fresh pair of eyes. I can be your guide! Best wishes Paul

64. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化冲击症候 Ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. Physically: too much eating, drinking or sleeping, excessive concern about bedding, headaches, stomachaches, dizziness, sleepiness Psychologically: depression, loneliness, withdrawn, anger, aggression, hatred, fear, hostility, homesickness, glorifying the native culture and emphasizing the negative in the new culture

65. Symptoms of Culture Shock 文化冲击症候 Ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. Physically: too much eating, drinking or sleeping, excessive concern about bedding, headaches, stomachaches, dizziness, sleepiness Psychologically: depression, loneliness, withdrawn, anger, aggression, hatred, fear, hostility, homesickness, glorifying the native culture and emphasizing the negative in the new culture

66. Fighting Culture Shock 战胜文化冲击 To facilitate adjustment, one can Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock Develop social relationships with people from one’s own country, with other newcomers, and with members of the new culture Maintain a balance between two cultural patterns of behavior and beliefs Maintain your sense of humor Keep busy Do something you enjoy Try new things and laugh at your errors Be flexible

67. Intercultural personhood 跨文化人格 Intercultural personhood presents a model of human development toward less cultural rigidity and more openness, less ethnocentrism and more understanding of the fundamental oneness of all human beings…this kind of fundamental personal change is necessary for us to be functional in our increasingly intercultural world, that is, to be better able to accept and appreciate cultural variations, to resolve and integrate conflicting views from the basis of a perspective broader than any one particular cultural perspective. Gudykunst & Kim, 2003, p. 389

68. A Multicultural Person 多元文化人 A new type of person whose orientation and view of the world profoundly transcends his indigenous culture is developing from the complex of social, political, economic, and educational interactions of our time. That is a multicultural person. Adler, 1977

69. Global Mindset 全球视野 Sensitive toward cultural diversity ； Open minded, locally and globally knowledgeable ； Critical and holistic thinkers; Conceptually and behaviorally flexible. Socrates: “I am neither a citizen of Athens, nor of Greece, but of the world.”

70. Cross-cultural Communication

71. Case 1 Personal Space Question: Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man? Comment: This is a typical case of misunderstanding caused by different perceptions about body distance. In Denmark, people prefer intimate space which is between 20-30 centimeters while in Australia, the body distance of 40-50 centimeters is more acceptable. Obviously she felt somewhat threatened and lost her sense of comfort.

72. Case 3 Left in the Cold Comment: This is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans: An appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If it is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time. And it should not be interrupted by other things or people. They are good time-keepers.

73. To Chinese: They view appointments in a more flexible manner and they are more casual about commitments. The Director should have tried to avoid any interruption since he made an ten o’clock appointment. What’s more, he was still talking with another teacher when K arrived on time and when their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. No wonder K became frustrated and angry.

74. Case 4 She Is Not Supposed to Be Wearing Trousers Comment: In Korea, a woman with social status will generally wear dress or skirt. Women wearing trousers are generally common citizens of low social status. The Korean interpreter assumed that the Chinese female college teachers held high social status and should therefore wear skirts.

75. Case 7 A misunderstanding of Seating Culture Comment: One can control one’s verbal language to disguise himself consciously. But unconsciously his physical behavior can give him away. e.g. Putting one’s feet with leather shoes onto the desk----Americans Talking and eating with a squatting posture-- -Shanxi, the Yellow Plateau of China.

76. Time Language Lead-in stories Explanation Summary

77. Lead-in stories A traveler was catching the train in India, he was half an hour late on the way to the station. He was depressed. However, he was told that, “The train will wait for us.”

78. A man was waiting for his Indian friend to pick him up to dinner. They predetermined to meet at 3 pm, but his friend finally showed up at 7 pm. His friend did not apologize, instead he told him that he gave him the wonderful experience of the whole afternoon.

79. Dr. Tom Brown from NY is practicing medicine in a rural area in Arab. His opening day was booked fully a week ago. But half an hour passed, neither of his first two patients arrived. Why?

80. Questions for discussion 2. Why do you think it is acceptable to be late in these countries? 1.What conclusion can you get from the stories?

81. Monochronic Time: punctuality and promptness Polychronic Time: More flexible and human-centered Northern American, Western and Northern European cultures Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures Explanation

82. Please come up with as many words or phrases about puntuality as possible. punctual on schedule on time on the minute on the hour well-timed Brainstorm: timely in time in good time at the stated time perfect timing at the appointed time

83. Practice A. 6: 45B. 7:00C. 7:15D. 7:30 or 8:00 Your are invited to a cocktail party tonight at 7:00. When are you supposed to get there? Why? To an American or Canadian homeC To a German or Sweden homeB To a Latin American homeD

84. Summary There are two time systems: Monochronic Time (M-Time) and Polychronic Time (P-Time).  Northern American, Western and Northern European cultures are typical M-Time cultures. The two striking features of M-Time are punctuality and promptness.  Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are P-Time cultures. They schedule several activities at the same time and the time is more flexible and more human-centered.

85. Space Language

86. Please have a discussion about the following picture and tell your partner why the other man moved away. Lead-in pictures

88. Explanation

89. 2-3 m 1.3-3 m 45-80cm 0-45cm

90. Body distance Short Medium Long Latins Mediterranean Arabs Mediterranean Europeans Japanese Americans Northern Europeans

91. Touch & Non-touch culture Cultures of Arabs, Southern and Western Europeans, Jews and Latins Cultures of Americans, Northern Europeans and Orientals

92. Arabs envelop each other in their breath. Comfortable and desirable

93. English-speaking countries Avoid physical contact If touch accidentally, make an apology “Sorry, oh, I’m sorry.” “Excuse me.”

94. Summary There are 4 types of distances: intimate, personal, social and public.  Latins and Mediterranean Arabs prefer short distance.  Americans and Northern Europeans fond of medium distance.  Japanese and Mediterranean Europeans would like long distance.

95. Body Language (1)Posture (2)Gestures (3)Facial expressions (4)Eye contact (5)Smell

96. 1. Please try to find out the kinds of body languages in the video. 2. Do our body languages always tell the truth? Or can we discover some true meanings out of the body languages? body language Lead-in Video watching

97. deep in thinking or in the blues (1) Posture

98. attentive and interested absent-minded or lacking interest

99. US: confortable, friendly Arab/ Thailand: the sole should never be pointed in the direction of another person. Germany/Sweden/China: a sign of rudeness and poor maners

100. (2) Gestures Look at the following two pictures carefully and find out the different meanings of the two gestures.

101. V for victory Sth. dirty or obscence

102. Point to objects and people US: ok Asia: rude German Janpanese

103. U S : O K Japan and Korea: money Latin American countries and Germany: obscene Tunisian: I will kill you. Arabs: (a baring of teeth) extreme hostility

104. Nodding the head In north America (up and down): I agree Japan: I am listening. down: I agree In the Middle East up: I disagree

105. Shaking the head SriLanks, Nepal, and India: agreement most countries: refusal or disapproval

106. Australia and Nigeria: “up yours.” Most of the world: good Parts of America and Europe: A lift German: The number 1 Japan: The number 5

107. Sign of telling sb to come closer American: wave goodbye American Chinese

108. Burma: palm downward, fingers moving Filipinos: a quick downward nod of the head Germany/Scandinavia: tossing the head back Arabs: palm upward, opening and closing the hand

109. Please match the following pictures of facial expressions with their meanings. (3) Facial expression

110. (3) Facial expressions Sadness Anger Surprise Fear Enjoyment Disgust Contempt

111. anger fear joy sorrow contempt surprise disgust

112. Sadness Mediterranean coultures: exaggerate signs of grief or sadness—men crying in public American: suppress the emotions Japanese: hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disappointment—laughing or smiling Chinese: control emotions—saving face

113. Smile American: a sign of happiness or friendly affirmation Japanese: mask an emotion or avoid answering a question Korean: too much smiling a shallow person Thailand: the land of Smiles

114. (4) Eye contact  North Americans: direct eye contact a sign of honesty  If not, a sign of untruthfulness, shame or embarrassment

115. Chinese: avoid long direct eye contact to show politeness, or respect, or obedience Japanese: prolonged eye contact is considered rude, threatening and disrespectful. Latin American and Caribbean people: avoid a sign of respect

116. Summary Just like verbal language, body language is part of culture. It plays an important role in daily communication. So, it is very important to understand and use it correctly.

117. Practical Suggestions 建议 Know yourself: culture, attitudes, communication style Consider the physical and human settings: timing, context, customs Seek to understand diverse message systems Develop empathy Encourage feedback Learn about cultural adaptation

118. Cultural Puzzle The Japanese culture is very group-oriented. When one person left(this was probably the leader), the rest felt that they had to leave, even if they didn’t’ want to. Americans don’t ususally arrive or leave in groups, so this behavior seemded strange to them. The Japanese guests were trying to be polite by avoiding staying too long at the party. They didn’t realize that two hours was too short for the Americans and that the Americans might get hurt by the fact that their guests left early.