1. Microcontroller & Interfacing
Topic #1
Introduction to 8 bit Microcontroller
Enrolment No.:
Name of the student: PALA VIDHI VINOD

2. Syllabus Overview Introduction to 8 bit Microcontrollers
Architecture of AVR Microcontroller
ATMega32 Microcontroller
Assembly and C language programming for AVR Microcontroller
Interfacing of LED, Switch, LCD, Sensor, Relay, Optical isolator, Stepper motor, DC Motor
SPI and I2C protocols
RTC Interfacing

3. Lab Work [1] Experiments as given in Laboratory Manual
[2] Student has to construct mini-project based on AVR ATMega8/16/32 Microcontroller
OR [2] Interfacing module which can be interfaced with Arduino board. It is compulsory as a part of term work. List of components and guidelines are given at the end of this lab manual. OR
[2] Innovative industry/social problem solution using AVR microcontroller

4. Difference between C & P
Microcontroller
Application specific
Boolean capability
Timers, parallel-serial I/O, internal RAM & ROM inbuilt, ADC, PWM
Few op-codes for data transfer between CPU and external memory
Microprocessor
General purpose
No Boolean capability
Separate Timers, parallel-serial I/O chips, extra RAM/ROM required
Many op-codes for data transfer between memory to CPU

5. General Purpose Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers
RAM
ROM
Timer
Serial
COM
Port IO
Data BUS
Address BUS
Control BUS
Microcontrollers
CPU
RAM
ROM
I/O
Timer
Serial
Port

6. Microcontrollers A single chip Memory CPU I/O Ports Subsystems:
ROM RAM
I/O Ports
Subsystems:
Timers, Counters, Analog
Interfaces, Serial Comm.
A single chip

7. General Block Diagram Microcontroller Systems …
sensor
actuator
Microcontroller
(uC)
Sensor conditioning
sensor
Output interfaces
indicator
sensor

8. Microcontroller Architectures
Memory
Address Bus
Program + Data
Von Neumann
Architecture
CPU
Data Bus 2n
Memory
Address Bus
Program
Harvard
Architecture
Fetch Bus
CPU
Address Bus
Data
Data Bus

9. Harvard and von Neumann architecture …
The AVR is a Harvard architecture CPU.
Harvard Architecture:
Computer architectures that used physically separate storage and signal pathways for their instructions and data.
CPU can read both an instruction and data from memory at the same time that makes it faster.
von Neumann architecture:
CPU can Read an instruction or data from/to the memory.
Read, Write can`t occur at the same time due to same memory and signal pathway for data and instructions.

10. AVR Microcontroller
Harvard Architecture
Harvard Architecture diagram

11. Common Microcontrollers
Atmel
51 Family
AVR Family
ARM
Intel
8-bit
8XC42
MCS48
MCS51
8xC251
16-bit
MCS96
MXS296
National Semiconductor
COP8
Microchip
12-bit instruction PIC
14-bit instruction PIC
PIC16F84
16-bit instruction PIC
NEC
Motorola
8-bit
68HC05
68HC08
68HC11
16-bit
68HC12
68HC16
32-bit
683xx
Texas Instruments
TMS370
MSP430
Zilog Z8
Z86E02

12. 8 Bit, 16 Bit, 32 Bit Microcontrollers
AVR, PIC
HCS12
8051 family etc.
16 Bit Microcontrollers
Extended 8051XA
Intel 8096,
MC68HC12 etc.
32-bit microcontrollers
ARM
PIC32
Intel 80960, Intel/Atmel 251 family
Internal bus is 8 bit. ALU performs operations on 8 bit (1 Byte)
Internal bus is 16 bit. ALU performs operations on 16 bit (2 Byte or word) , Greater precision than 8 bit
Internal bus is 32 bit. ALU performs operations on 32 bit (4 Byte or word) , Greater precision than 16 bit

13. AVR Microcontroller Advanced Virtual RISC,
AVR stand for?
Advanced Virtual RISC,
the founders are Alf Egil Bogen Vegard Wollan RISC
AVR architecture was conceived by two students at Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) and further refined and developed at Atmel Norway, the Atmel company founded by the two chip architects.
AVR Micro controllers is Family of
RISC Microcontrollers from Atmel.

14. RISC Microcontroller
Reduced Introduction Set Computer (RISC)
Till 1980 Trend was to build increasingly complex CPUs with complex set of instructions like (CISC)
(RISC):
Instruction execute in single cycle
“Architecture which reduces the chip complexity by simpler processing instructions”.
RISC architecture CPUs capable of executing only a very limited (simple) set of instructions.

15. RISC Microcontroller Reduced Instruction Set Computers Advantages:
Fast Execution of Instructions due to simple instructions for CPU.
RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them cheaper to design and produce.
Emphasis on software
Single-clock, reduced instruction only
Register to register: “LOAD" and "STORE“
are independent instructions
Spends more transistors on memory registers

16. Breaking Traditions Code Density Line of Compromise Traditional Speed
CISC
Line of Compromise
Traditional
Traditional
RISC
Speed 5

17. Execute 2 Instructions in Different Controllers …1 2 2 2
AVR
Done!
PIC
Done!
HC05
Done!
‘C51
Done! 13

18. AVR Microcontroller
A series of 8-bit RISC microcontrollers from Atmel.
All AVR microcontrollers share same instruction set and a basic CPU (Harvard) architecture.
It has 32 8-Bit general purpose registers.
Mostly instruction Execute in Single clock cycle. Which makes it faster among 8 bit microcontrollers.
AVR was designed for efficient execution of compiled C code.

19. AVR different groups Classic AVR Mega Tiny Special Purpose AVR
e.g. AT90S2313, AT90S4433
Mega
e.g. ATmega8, ATmega32, ATmega128
Tiny
e.g. ATtiny13, ATtiny25
Special Purpose AVR
e.g. AT90PWM216,AT90USB1287

20. AVR part numbers ATmega128 Atmel group Flash =128K ATtiny44 AT90S4433
Tiny group
Classic group
Flash =4K

21. AVR 8-Bit RISC Compatibility
AVR® Flash microcontrollers share a single core architecture
→ use the same code for all families
→ 1 Kbytes to 256 Kbytes of code
→8 to 100 pins
→ all devices have
Internal oscillators

22. tinyAVR applications Automotive low-end control applications Toys
Games and Game-Cards
PC Motherboard Connector Control
Security Controller for mobile Phones (SIS Code)
Battery Chargers
Communication IF controllers
White and Brown Goods
Smoke Detectors

23. classicAVR applications
PC Modems
Cable Modems
Battery Chargers (advanced)
Smart Cards and Smart Card Readers
Tool Road Pay Tags
Set-top Boxes
Pay-TV Decoders
Various Industrial Control Applications

24. megaAVR applications
Analog Mobile Phones (NMT, ETACS, AMPS, and D-AMPS)
Digital Mobile Phones (GSM and CDMA)
Printers and Printer Switches/Controllers
Fax Controller
Disk Drive Controllers
CD-ROM Controllers

25. Memory and other different features
51 Family members …….
Chip
Memory and other different features
8031
ROM-Less version,
8051
4K Factory programmed ROM
8751
4K EPROM
89C51
4K Flash
89C52
8K Flash
8051F340
Full speed USB, 10 bit ADC, Temp. Sensor, 64 KB Flash ROM, 2K RAM
89C5131
Full speed USB Device, 3 Timers (16 bit), 34 I/O lines, 32K Flash ROM, 1280 Byte RAM, SPI, Dual data pointer

26. Thank you