1. UNIT ONE REVIEW INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY

2. GEOGRAPHY The Greeks were the first society to introduce geography as a subject Eratosthenes – first to use word geography Geo = Earth -graphy = to write

3. TYPES OF MAPS Cartogram Dot density Choropleth Graduated symbol Isoline

4. CARTOGRAM

5. CHOROPLETH MAP

6. DOT DENSITY MAP

7. GRADUATED SYMBOL MAP

8. ISOLINE MAP

9. REGIONS Formal Functional Perceptual (Vernacular)

10. LOCATION Toponym Site Situation (relative location) Absolute location

11. DIFFUSION Relocation Expansion Contagious Stimulus Hierarchical Distance Decay

12. DISTRIBUTION Density Concentration Remember Canada as an example! Distance decay

13. DENSITY VERSUS CONCENTRATION Greater Density Greater Concentration

14. MAP PROJECTIONS Mercator Robinson Peters

15. MERCATOR PROJECTION

16. ROBINSON PROJECTION

17. PETERS PROJECTION

18. THEORIES Environmental Determinism Possibilism

19. TECHNOLOGY GIS GPS Remote Sensing

20. There has never been an FRQ from Unit One!

21. UNIT TWO REVIEW POPULATION AND MIGRATION

22. TYPES OF DENSITIES Arithmetic (“regular”) density Physiological density Agricultural density Carrying capacity

23. NON-ECUMENE Too wet Too dry Too cold Too high

24. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL No countries are in stage 1 Transition from 1 to 2 – Industrial Revolution, Medical Revolution 1: High birth and death rates 2: Rapidly decreasing death rates 3: Rapidly declining birth rates 4: Low birth and death rates; Zero Population Growth (United States) 5: Death rate higher than birth rate (Japan, South Korea, some Europe)

27. THOMAS MALTHUS Late 1700s Britain Overpopulation World’s population was growing faster than rate of food production Didn’t realize we would have technology to increase food production

28. POPULATION PYRAMIDS Also called age-sex graphs Males on left, females on right Show dependency ratio and sex ratio Can be for country, city, or neighborhood Large base = high birth rate, less developed country Large top, small base = low birth rate, many elderly, more developed country

29. JAPAN’S CHANGING POPULATION

30. POPULATION POLICIES Pronatalist – Denmark, Singapore, Romania Antinatalist – China, India

31. DEMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS CBR (out of 1000) CDR (out of 1000) IMR (out of 1000) TFR (2.1 is stable) NIR (CBR minus CDR, move decimal one to left) Doubling time (divide NIR by 70) Life expectancy

32. TYPES OF MIGRATION Chain Step Internal International Interregional Intraregional Involuntary (forced) Net migration (immigration minus emigration) Voluntary Seasonal

33. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Economic, political, environmental Mostly economic

34. REFUGEES Voluntarily leave for fear of death or persecution Forced migrants are forced by government to move Internally Displaced Persons Asylum Seekers

35. MIGRATION PATTERNS Historically, rural to urban Today – urban to suburban, urban to rural (counter-urbanization) Mostly LDC to MDC United States – north and east to west and south Ravenstein’s laws: mostly young, single, white males, mostly short distances, long distance migrants head toward cities

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS

37. FRQ PREDICTIONS Density, scale, distributions National population policies – fertility rates Epidemiological transition Impact of natural disasters on a population Population pyramid analysis

38. UNIT THREE CULTURE

39. Habit, custom, culture Folk culture – small group, homogeneous, small area, relocation diffusion Popular culture – large group, heterogeneous, worldwide, contagious diffusion Globalization as a theme throughout class Cultural hearths Cultural landscape/built environment

40. EARLY CULTURAL HEARTHS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. LANGUAGE Family, branch, group Indo-European family – Romance and Germanic branches Sino-Tibetan family – includes Mandarin Chinese (most spoken language in world) Dialects – vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation Lingua franca

45. RELIGION Universalizing – Christianity, Islam, Buddhism (seek converts, widespread) Ethnic – Judaism, Hinduism (not widespread) Christianity – most followers; spread through colonialism Islam – fastest growing; Indonesia has most Monotheistic and polytheistic Religious structures – churches, synagogues, mosques, temples, pagodas

49. ETHNICITY Race vs Ethnicity vs Nationality Ethnic cleansing vs Genocide Balkanization

50. DISTRIBUTION OF HISPANICS IN U.S.

51. DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN U.S.

52. DISTRIBUTION OF ASIAN AMERICANS IN U.S.

53. FRQ PREDICTIONS Popular versus folk culture, future of folk cultures Ethnic distributions (nation-states vs states) Ethnic conflicts – Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Kosovo) Gender inequality (industry and agriculture) Diffusion of culture – impacts of colonialism, imperialism, and trade (Columbian Exchange, globalization) Differences between religions – distributions and beliefs, universal versus ethnic, spread of Islam or Christianity

54. UNIT FOUR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE

55. TYPES OF STATES Nation State nation-state stateless nation multiethnic state multinational state multi-state nation Microstate Colony

56. THEORIES OF WORLD DOMINANCE Heartland Theory Rimland Theory Organic Theory Domino Theory

58. COLONIALISM Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain Relocation diffusion – languages, religions Imperialism Effects on Africa’s borders

59. COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 1914

60. COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2012

61. SHAPES OF STATES Compact Elongated Fragmented Perforated Prorupted Landlocked – many in Africa (colonialism) Enclave Exclave

62. Or Prorupted

63. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Democracy Autocracy Anocracy

64. FORCES Centrifugal Centripetal

65. SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Economic, Political, Defense EU UN NAFTA NATO CIS Cold War began need for alliances NATO/Warsaw Pact EU/CIS

67. BOUNDARIES Boundary types – physical and cultural Antecedent Geometric Relict Subsequent Superimposed Boundary disputes Functional Positional Resource (Allocational) Territorial

68. FRQ PREDICTIONS Changing map from 1940s to present – fall of communism and end of Cold War Recent nationalism impacts on countries – devolution Heartland, Rimland, Organic theories Laws of the Sea Forms of governments – unitary vs federal states Impacts of terrorism Supranational organizations Devolution in UK, Spain, Canada, former Yugoslavia, Caucasus, Belgium

69. UNIT FIVE AGRICULTURE

70. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS First – Neolithic Second – Industrial Third – Green and Biotech

71. HEARTHS Fertile Crescent, other crop and animal hearths Columbian Exchange

72. CROP HEARTHS

73. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

74. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Determined by climate Intensive vs Extensive Subsistence vs Commercial Developed vs Developing

76. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Plantation shifting cultivation pastoral nomadism intensive subsistence rice intensive subsistence not rice market gardening Ranching mixed crop and livestock Grain Mediterranean Dairy

77. VON THUNEN Focus on fast and cheap transportation Ring one – dairy and market Ring two – forestry Ring three – grain Ring four – livestock Why it still works and why it’s outdated

78. VON THUNEN MODEL

79. MODERN AGRICULTURE Women in agriculture World hunger and malnutrition Cash crops Sustainable agriculture Organic farming Commercial farming – decline of family farm, feedlots, industrialized Aquaculture

80. FRQ PREDICTIONS First and Second Ag Revolutions Columbian Exchange Connections between physical geography and agricultural practices Populations altering the landscape – environmental impacts like irrigation (Aral Sea), deforestation (Amazon), terraces (China), draining wetlands (Everglades), desertification (Sahel) Biotech and GMOs Economic forces that influence agriculture Complementarity and comparative advantages for agriculture (global food patterns) Impact of women on food consumption and production

81. UNIT SIX INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENT

82. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX Social: literacy rate, years of schooling, pupil to teacher ratio Demographic: life expectancy Economic: GDP per capita or GNI per capita, at PPP Brandt Line separates MDCs and LDCs Norway is highest Niger is lowest

83. THE BRANDT LINE © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Brandt Line is located at 30 degrees North; it separates the More Developed northern countries from the Less Developed southern countries.

84. HDI BY REGION

85. GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX Empowerment: women in legislature, women completing high school Labor: women in labor force Reproductive health: maternal mortality rate, adolescent fertility rate Most progress: North Africa and Southwest Asia U.S. lags behind some other developed areas Best: Iceland

86. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 8 goals United Nations Expired in 2015 Fairly successful Poverty, health, education, global connectedness

87. EUROPE’S EARLY INDUSTRIAL CENTERS Europe was the first region to industrialize during the nineteenth century. Numerous industrial centers emerged in Europe as countries competed with each other for supremacy.

88. NORTH AMERICA’S EARLY INDUSTRIAL CENTERS North America’s manufacturing was traditionally highly concentrated in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In recent years, manufacturing has relocated to the South, lured by lower wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers.

89. EAST ASIA’S EARLY INDUSTRIAL AREAS East Asia became an important industrial region in the second half of the 20 th century, beginning with Japan. Into the 21 st century, China has emerged as the world’s leading manufacturing country by most measures.

90. WEBER’S LEAST COST THEORY Triangle – agglomeration, labor, transportation costs Substitution principle Bulk-gaining and bulk-reducing industries Basic and non-basic industries

91. WEBER’S INDUSTRIAL “LEAST COST” MODEL Labor Transportation Agglomeration “Sweet spot”

92. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES Self-sufficiency (bubble) International Trade

93. ECONOMIC SECTORS Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary

94. WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD SYSTEM THEORY Core, periphery, semi-periphery Periphery supply cheap labor and raw materials Core provide market and industry Can also occur within a country – urban and rural

95. Wallerstein’s Theory: Core and periphery countries need each other to exist; no country develops in isolation

96. ROSTOW’S DEVELOPMENT MODEL Five stages – less developed to more developed Primary to secondary to tertiary Also matches up with Wallerstein and DTM 1-2: Periphery 3: Semi-periphery 4-5: Core

99. Agriculture, mining, etc. Industry and manufacturing Service industries

100. CHANGES IN U.S. EMPLOYMENT

101. TRADE New International Division of Labor Transnational corporations - Outsourcing Trade blocs/free trade zones – NAFTA Export Processing Zones/Special Economic Zones – maquiladoras, China Complementarity and comparative advantage

102. FRQ PREDICTIONS Industrial revolution impacts Sectors of economy Measures of development – HDI UN Millennium goals Women in the workforce Complementarity and comparative advantage – impacts on trade Sustainable development Ecotourism

103. UNIT SEVEN CITIES AND URBAN LAND USE

104. CHRISTALLER’S CENTRAL PLACE THEORY Range and threshold Hexagon shapes Larger businesses have a larger range and threshold Hierarchy: hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, megalopolis

105. CHRISTALLER’S CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

106. WORLD CITIES Global cities - New York, London, Tokyo Most populated city – Tokyo Rank-size rule Primate city rule – London, Paris, Buenos Aires Gravity model

107. GLOBAL CITIES Global cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy. London and New York, the two dominant global cities, are ranked as alpha++.

108. GLOBAL CITIES IN NORTH AMERICA

109. COUNTRIES WITHOUT A PRIMATE CITY

111. URBAN ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS Sprawl Redlining Blockbusting Public housing Filtering Gentrification New Urbanism Greenbelts Slums vs Squatter settlements

112. URBAN CITY MODELS Burgess concentric zone Hoyt sector Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei Galactic city Latin America – spine of high-quality housing European - historical influence Asian – ports for trade African – colonial CBD, Islamic influence

113. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

114. BID-RENT THEORY Burgess is based on the bid-rent curve:

115. HOYT SECTOR MODEL

116. HARRIS-ULLMAN MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

117. GALACTIC CITY MODEL (PERIPHERAL MODEL)

118. MODEL OF A LATIN AMERICAN CITY (GRIFFIN- FORD) Wealthy people live in the inner city and a sector extending along a commercial spine.

120. SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITY MODEL

121. WHY ARE URBAN AREAS EXPANDING?

122. BORCHERT’S EPOCHS OF URBAN GROWTH

123. FRQ PREDICTIONS World cities and megacities – functions, distributions, future growth Gravity model – interactions between cities Multiple nuclei model Galactic city model Latin American city model Sustainable (smart) design for cities Central place theory – threshold and range