2.  Believed our personality is based on 4 “humours” or bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, cholera, black bile)

3.  To understand the psychoanalytic theory of personality, including Freud’s view of the mind, psychosexual stages of development, and defense mechanisms

4. Started by Sigmund Freud, this perspective believes we are dominated by repressed, unconscious sexual, biological drives. Other psychoanalysts include Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung

6.  Thoughts and behavior are guided mainly by the unconscious part of the mind.  Sexual motivation plays a central role in everyday life.  Concept of “infantile sexuality”: erotic experiences in infancy and early childhood shape personality in adulthood. Three Main Components

7.  Conscious: everything we are aware of at the moment; just the “tip of the iceberg”.  Preconscious: memories that we can bring to consciousness.  Unconscious: memories, wishes, and instincts (desires) that are too threatening or painful to bring to consciousness. Three Levels of the Mind

8. According to Freud, much of what people do, think and feel is really a way of avoiding anxiety. Anxiety is the way the body signals us that we face a threatening situation. For Freud, the threat comes from the unconscious: an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse. Protecting ourselves from this anxiety is normal and natural. Carried to an extreme, it becomes a psychological disorder: Neurosis: a disorder in which one’s efforts to avoid anxiety interfere with or limit normal human functioning; it involves self-punishing, self-defeating behavior, and emotional or physical symptoms.

9.  Freud argued that rather than having one integrated whole mind, our psyche is separated into 3 distinct parts, which often work against each other.  Have you ever felt like you were being pulled in two directions? E.g. I really need to study, but I want to go to a party with my friends

10.  Causes of behaviour can be either conscious or unconscious  Mind is like an iceberg: Conscious (tip) Pre-conscious (just below waterline) Unconscious (bulk of iceberg below waterline)

12.  The Id, the Ego and the Superego http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a8mwidjG8s&fe ature=related (Standard Deviants) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a8mwidjG8s&fe ature=related

14.  The primitive biological part of the mind.  Present in the new born infant  Consists of basic biological impulses or drives such as hunger, thirst etc.  Therefore the Id is said to work on the pleasure principle.

15.  Freud argued that these drives motivate us to behave in certain ways and humans are motivated to satisfy urges and wishes.  Urges and wishes put us in a state of arousal and when they are satisfied arousal is reduced.  The id is part of the unconscious mind.

17.  Develops as the child grows  Aims to gratify the id’s impulses in line with what is realistically possible by considering the environment it is in.

18.  It works on the reality principle.  For example relieving bladder or bowel pressure must be delayed until a toilet is reached.

19.  Also defends the unconscious mind against displeasure (e.g. unpleasant experiences) or forbidden id impulses by using defense mechanisms.  Mostly in the conscious mind.

21.  Develops last (5 yrs. old)  Judges whether actions are right or wrong. A “conscience” (little voice).  Internalized representation of the values and morals of society and the same sex parent.

22.  Violating the superego’s standards or even the impulse to do so causes anxiety. This anxiety is largely unconscious but may be experienced as guilt.  Works on the morality principle

23.  Someone who has failed to internalize the moral standards of society will have few behavioral constraints and may engage in excessively over indulgent or criminal behavior.  The superego is part of the conscious and unconscious mind

24.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkin1Fho jCo (be warned, it is very cheesy!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkin1Fho jCo

25.  In pairs think up a scenario where the id, ego and superego might be in conflict.  How might this conflict resolved?

26.  Evaluate Freud’s theory of the structure of personality.  First feelings: How accurate do you feel the theory is?

27.  To understand the psychoanalytic theory of personality, including Freud’s view of the mind, psychosexual stages of development, and defense mechanisms

28.  At each age the libido (sexual energy) focuses on one area. ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL  During these stages the Id focuses on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones.

30.  If the child receives too much (overindulged) or too little satisfaction (causing frustration) at any stage, they can become fixated. This means that they are sort of “stuck” and as adults they will show certain characteristics.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvOoYX45G_0&feature=relate d (Standard Deviants) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvOoYX45G_0&feature=relate d

32.  0-18 months  Focus of libido is the mouth. The child is being breast fed and weaned. They are passive, receptive and dependent.  They also focus on exploring with their mouths. They will pick up and suck objects.

33.  Healthy development: adult enjoyment of food, and healthy dependence on others  Overindulged = “Oral Receptive” Characteristics: Overly optimistic, admiring, gullible, overly enthusiastic, talkative, smoking, drinking, eating problems, nail biting, thumb sucking  Underindulged = “Oral Aggressive” Characteristics: envious, pessimistic, sarcastic, hostile and verbally abusive to others, cynical, greedy

34.  1 – 3 years  Focus of Libido is on the anus as this is when potty training takes place  Ego develops as parents impose restrictions  It is the first time the child experiences any sort of control (expulsion/retention of feces)

35.  Healthy development: ability to deal with authority, and to be able to maintain a balance between order and mess.  Anal expulsive : caused by too much freedom during potty training; leads to messy, reckless, disorganized adults  Anal retentive: caused by potty training that is too strict; leads to careful, precise, stubborn, stingy adults

36.  3 – 6 years  Focus of libido = genitals. Curiosity and examination.  Superego develops through resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex  Identification with same sex parent leads to formation of gender identity.

37. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0mNd 5U8QiYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0mNd 5U8QiY (Real explanation)

38. 2. Boy starts to desire his mother, and wants to have sex with her 1.Boy sees father as a rival for his mother’s attention, and wishes to kill him. 5. He fears that if his father finds out about his feelings for his mother, he will castrate him. 4. The boy is in a state of conflict. He resolves this by internalising and identifying with his father. 3. This leads to the development of the superego. The boy substitutes his desire for his mother into desire for other women.

39. 1. The girl begins to develop penis envy. She blames her mother for removing her penis. 2. She starts to sexually desire her father who has a penis. 4. The girl sees her mother as a sexual rival for her father. 5. To resolve this, the girl identifies with her mother so that she can have her father. 3. The superego develops, as does gender identity. She replaces penis envy with desire for a baby.

40.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA35ys91 QJU (Gillette spoof) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA35ys91 QJU

41.  Healthy development will lead to a well rounded adult. The child will internalize their same sex parent which becomes the superego.  Fixation: Self-assured, selfish, reckless, ambitious, extreme vanity, proud, may be incapable of loving others, sexual under or over confidence, homosexuality, exhibitionism, impulsiveness, authority problems and rejection of appropriate gender roles

42.  Latency: 7-puberty Focus is on same sex friendships Events from previous stages are repressed into the unconscious  Genital: Puberty and adolescence Adult personality has formed Interest in opposite sex Repressed issues from previous stages may start to cause problems

44.  How our personality (ego) deals with unpleasant emotions and thoughts.

45.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e- NP__ExSSE&feature=related (Standard Deviants) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e- NP__ExSSE&feature=related

46.  Repression: “motivated forgetting” the suppression of unpleasant thoughts. We push unpleasant thoughts into unconscious so that we can’t access them.  E.g., a child who is molested, may suppress the traumatic event so that he/she has no memory for the event.

47.  We refuse to accept horrible news, even with evidence to the contrary.  E.g., you hear a friend has died & won’t believe it’s true.

49.  You run over a person and tell yourself “I’m sure he would have died soon anyway.”  You steal and say, “Well, I spend a lot of money at this store!”

50. New Orleans looting after Katrina

51.  Dealing with problems by “regressing” or going backward in terms of maturity.  Ex: Soldiers crying for “mommy”  Ex: Fighting couples acting immature.

52.  Dis – wrong place = place  E.g., After being grilled by your boss, you go home & yell at your partner or the dog/cat.  Peeing on the teacher’s car.

53.  When people project their own faults onto others, they generally do not deny that they themselves possess those faults.  E.g., Your partner tells you how selfish you are, when they are in fact selfish.

55.  You do the opposite of how you feel to defend your own doubts.  E.g., A person who doubts his faith may act like a religious zealot to defend his religion.

58.  Don’t mix up with displacement (kicking dog)  E.g., Aggressive impulses are transformed into the urge to engage in competitive sports.  Most desirable way of dealing with unacceptable id impulses.

60.  We do something well to make up (compensate) for other deficits in our life. (Invented by Adler)  Ex: We become a cop to compensate for getting picked on as a child.

61.  Take an emotionally uncomfortable moment and interpret it like a heartless scientist.  (My grandpa died, so I say “Men have a 65% chance of dying past age 75.”)