1. Week 11 Ezra Pound 艾兹拉 · 庞德

2. Literature of Modernism As a literary movement, it reached its height in Europe between 1900 and the middle 1920s. Features  “Break” away from the tradition  capture the complexity of modern life

3. background 1. second half of the 19th century to early of the 20th decades (1)natural and social sciences enormously advanced (2)capitalism came into its monopoly stage [mə‘n ɔ pəli] 垄断 (3)the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened (4)World War 1\2 broke 2.what ideas influence this period: all kinds of philosophical ideas (1)Karl Marx: scientific socialism (2)Darwin‘s theory of evolution, "survival of the fittest" (3)Freud‘s analytical psychology (4)The irrationalism philosophers give immense influence

4. Literature of Modernism— Poetry Chicago poets  Carl Sandburg Oversea American poets  Ezra Pound  T. S. Eliot New England poets  Robert Frost  Edwin Arlington Robinson

5. Literature of Modernism— Drama History  Though started very late, American drama developed fast in this period Theme  With social problems as main subject  targeted to criticize and expose the dark sides of the society Representative writer: Eugene O’ Neill

6. 1920s, The Lost Generation  F. S. Fitzgerald  Earnest Hemingway 1930s, Left or Socialist writers  John Steinbeck Southern writers  William Faulkner Black writer: Harlem Renaissance  Langston Hughes; Richard Right Literature of Modernism— Novel

7. Imagism A movement in early 20th-century Anglo- American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language.

8. Development of Imagism Three phases  First phase (1908-1909) T. E. Hulme) 休姆  Second Phase (1912-1914) Ezra Pound  Third Phase (1914-1917) Amy Lowell 艾米 · 洛威尔 (Life is a leaf of paper white, thereon each of us may write his word or two. 生活是一张白纸，每个人都在上面写上自己的一两句 话。 ---- 艾米。洛威尔。 )

9. Direct treatment of the “thing,” whether subjective or objective To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation As regarding rhyme, to compose in sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome ['metrənə ʊ m] 节拍 Poetic principles of the Imagists

10. The point of imagism is that it does not use images as ornaments. The image itself is the speech. The image is the word beyond formulated language.

11. The characteristic short, composed of short lines of musical cadence [‘keidəns 韵律 ] rather than metrical regularity to avoid abstraction to treat the image with a hard clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent. The influence of Japanese forms, tanka[ 短歌 ( 三十一音节字的日本诗 体 ) and haiku[ 俳句 ( 由五、七、五共十七字组成的短 诗 ), is obvious in many. Mostly free verse and common speech. the freedom in the choice of subject matter and form.

12. Contributions ◆ It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life of the new country. ◆ It offered a new way of writing ◆ It influenced lots of modern poets

13. Limitations ◆ A single dominant image is hardly capable of sustaining longer poetic effort. ◆ It’s own aesthetics stunted its growth into something more ambitious and eternal.

14. Connections with Chinese poems ◆ Picture-like characters, using of images, short and concise, abundant connotation ◆ The imagists translated lots of Chinese poems into English

15. A Chinese imagistic poetry: Autumn Evening crows perch on old trees wreathed with withered vine, Water of a stream flows by a family cottage near a tiny bridge. A lean horse walks on an ancient road in western breeze, The sun is setting in the west, The heart-broken one is at the end of the Earth. 《天净沙 · 秋思》 马致远 枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家， 古道、西风、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。

16. Poets: Ezra Pound （埃兹拉 · 庞德） ; Edwin Arlington Robinson Robert Frost （罗伯特 · 弗洛斯特） Carl Sandburg William Stevens Thomas Stearns Eliot William Carlos Williams; E. E. Cummings.

17. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉 · 庞德 (1885 — 1972)

18. Ezra Pound's contribution the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement” and had a tremendous influence on modern poetry.

19. Ezra Pound (1885 — 1972)

20. Pound ’ s Life Story born in Hailey ( 海利镇 ), Idaho ( [‘aidəhəu] 爱达荷州 ) University of Pennsylvania Hamilton College 汉密尔顿 Master degree in 1906, Romance languages, Renaissance literature 1908, again abroad 1920, a permanent expatriate 侨民 [eks’pætrieit] 1924, left Paris for Italy W. W. II, Mussolini [,musə’li:ni(:)] Fascism [‘fæ ʃ izəm] Italian government, radio broadcasts 1945, accused of treason, dismissed in 1958 died in in 1972, in Italy

21. Ezra Pound's poetic subjects or themes （ 1 ） His earlier poetry Romanticism ： songs in praise of a lady ， oncerning the poet’s craft ， love and friendship ， death ， the transience of beauty and the permanence of art ， and some other subjects that Pound could call his own ： the pain of exile ， [' ɛ ksa ɪ l] metamorphosis([,metə’m ɔ :fəsis] 变形 ), the delightful psychic[‘saikik] experience 关于通灵 的, the ecstatic[eks’tætik] moment ，狂喜的 etc.

22. Ezra Pound's poetic themes ： （ 2 ） Later, the problems of the modern culture ： the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. In The Cantos ， Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires ， the moral and social chaos of the modern world ， especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson. From the perception of these things ， stems the poet's search for order

23. Pound ’ s Major Literary Works 1)Cathay [kæ’θei] 《华夏集》 《神州集》 《中国诗章》 based on translations from older Chinese poets like Li Po 2) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 《休赛尔温 毛伯利》 his disillusionment and his view of his own career

24. Pound ’ s Major Literary Works 3) The Cantos « 诗章 » 1.he traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the destruction caused by greed and materialism. 2.He deplores the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson, 3.The last part, produced from his own suffering, is the most moving. encyclopedic epic poem

25. Pound ’ s Major Literary Works 5) “ In a Station of the Metro ” “ 在地铁站里 ” 4)“ A Pact ” “ 合同 ” ， “ 协约 ” 庞德曾把 “ 意象 ” 称为 “ 一刹那间思想和感情的复合体 ” 。 image is a putting-into-words of the emotional, intellectual and concrete stuff that one experiences in any given moment. 用视觉意象引起联想， 表达一瞬间的直觉和思想。 一般用自由体写作短小篇章。 意象派 ; 映衬对比 ; 音乐性短句

26. Pound ’ s Poems A Pact In a Station of Metro

27. A pact This poem is about Pound's evaluation on Whitman. Pound started to find some agreement between "Whitmanesque" [,hwitmə'nesk] free verse ， which he had attacked for its carelessness in composition. In the poem Pound affirmed Whitman's contribution in the experiment on the form and content of American poetry and expressed his eagerness to communicate with Whitman.

28. 5. In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞， 黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。

29.  About the poem:  The “Metro” - the underground railway of Paris.  “apparition[,æpə,r ɪʃ ən] ”( double meaning, binds the two aspects of the observation together:  Apparition 特异景象 = “appearance”, in the sense of something which appears, or shows up; something which can be clearly observed.  Apparition 幽灵 - something which seems real but perhaps is not real; something ghostly which cannot be clearly observed.

30. Style a type of poem called a haiku ( はぃく sometimes spelled “hokku”) a traditional Japanese nature- image poem of precisely 17 syllables. Pound’s haiku has 19 syllables, 12 in the first line and 7 in the last.

32. 5. In a Station of the Metro [‘metrəu] The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞， 黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。 人群中的面孔幽灵般时隐时现； 湿淋淋的黑枝头上花瓣片片。刘守兰 译

33. Does this poem remind you of any ancient Chinese poem? 原诗排列模版 : The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough. 幻景闪现 面孔 人群 花瓣数点 黑湿 树枝 对应中文就成了

35. In this brief poem, Pound uses the fewest possible words to convey an accurate image, according to the principles of the “Imagists”. Pound claims that the poem’s form was determined by the experience that inspired it Whether truth or myth, the piece has become a famous document in the history of Imagism.

36. Theme ： This poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station or a description of a moment of sudden emotion at seeing beautiful faces in a Metro in Paris. He sees the faces ， turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by,half resisting, the wet, dark texture of a bough.

37. Comment on the poem This short poem, published in 1913, is the earliest and the best of Pound's work. When writing it, Pound adopted the Japanese haiku ( はぃく, a type of Japanese poem with 3 lines, consisting of 17 syllables, divided into a stanza of 5-7-5) The poem, regarded as the classic specimen of Imagist poetry, was first written in more than a hundred lines but was later condensed into two lines to convey an accurate image by using the fewest possible words. Pound was once so impressed by the pretty faces of some women and children hurrying out of the dim, damp and somber station that he attempted to record exactly the spectacle of the faces which reflected variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by half resisting, the wet, dark texture of a bough.

38. A virginal Composed in 1912, is named for the diminutive [di’minjutiv]adj. 小得出奇的, 特小的 keyboard instrument preferred by maidens during the late Renainssance. A virginal was a small keyboard instrument played by young girls in the 16th & 17th centuries. Virgin: praise the lady who has virginal quality

39. A virginal

40. style pre-Raphaelites[pri:’ræfəlait] 拉菲尔前派 Fourteen-line Petrarchan sonnet[pi’tr ɑ :kən] ( 意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的 ) 彼特拉克体十四 行诗 The first 8 lines:ABBAABBA, Following 6 lines.CDEECD （這種帶有光和生命力的混合，再加上愛情關 係所產生類似宗教的經驗，為典型的 Provencal poetry. [,pr ɔ v ɑ :n‘k ɑ :l]adj.( 法国 ) 普罗 旺斯人的，這女子所具有的這種美或珍奇的特 質在 Provencal poetry 中稱為 virtu 珍奇）

41. Analysis of the poem Beginning: a burst of emotion,rejection. Speaking way: in the guise of a lover rejecting a lady. dramatic monologue 戏剧性独白 sheath[ ʃ i:θ] 原意為鞘 here it means the brightness of the lady he just left. gauze[ ɡɔ :z]: 薄霧；薄紗 aether ＝ ether, [‘i:θə] 以太 Subtle clearness: 幽幽的澄澈。 clearness 含有靈魂的澄澈 之意 birchen ： of birch, 樺樹的。 bowers ：阴凉处 sleight [slait]n. 熟练, 巧妙 sleight of hand 這一片語中，指用手熟練而有技巧。 staunches[st ɔ :nt ʃ ] ：止血

43. Comment on the poem This poem was written in the form of a sonnet but narrated by a personified musical instrument, a virginal. In the virginal's narration, either the beats or the rhymes vary from those of a traditional English sonnet. The poem can be divided into two sections. In the first section—the first 8 lines: the brightness of the former player of the virginal is highly praised. That lady, with all her brightness, appears a perfect figure and thus the virginal cannot extricate itself from the light and missing of her. The second section, the last six lines, suggest a presentation of the flavour of her ladyship. Soft as the spring wind, her flavour brings green shoots to the birch and cures the winter wounds with her sleight hand. Obviously, the poet had compared the lady to a birch tree: white in colour, bright in appearance, graceful in shape, and cloaked with leaves. Besides, two minor images were offered: the brightness of a lady in the first 8 lines and the flavour of the lady in the latter 6 lines. The image of the birch tree is better interpreted by the two minor images: the brightness of it and the flavour of it, through the sense of sight and the sense of smelling. What's more, the poet used similes in this poem : "left me cloaked as with a gauze of aether", "as with sweet leaves", "as with subtle clearness". In the last two lines, the lady's time is as bright as the bark of a birch. All the images, comparison, as well as the similes contribute to the portraying of a noble woman with magnificent beauty.

44. The River-Merchant's Wife ： A Letter Theme ： It is an adaptation from the Chinese Li Po （ 701-762 ）, Rihaku by means of vivid images and shifting tones ， describes the silky shy tenderness of the young wife writing to her absent husband the river-merchant. The history of her feelings for her husband develops as the following ： her bashfulness when she was a young girl ， her spiritual attraction with him during the phase of their marriage ， the material nature of her love at the time of his departure as well as her longing for his return when she grows old.

45. 美国诗歌界认为，庞德写得最出色的意象派诗是 “The River-merchant’s Wife: A Letter” 。这首诗是庞德对李 白诗《长干行》的创造，曾入选《美国名诗 105 首》， 进入美国大学课堂： “ 美国现代诗歌选读 ” 课程，被誉 为 20 世纪美国 “ 最美的诗 ” 。 由于与自然事物终生接触，诗人和读者在经验中共同 储藏着这些 ‘ 智性和感情的复合体 ’ 。 《华夏集》中选择了三首有关战争的古诗 —— 《诗经 小雅 采薇》 (Song of the Bowmen of shu ) 、 李白的 《胡关绕风沙》（ Lament of the Frontier Guard ） 和《代马不思越》（ South Folk in Cold Country ） 一战正酣； 还选了 4 首有关离愁和女人的诗歌，包括《长干行》， 仍然与战争有关 —— 战争环境下女人的悲苦。战争给 造成了许多家庭的生死离别和对亲人的思念。 可见庞德对日常生活描写的关注。

46. 《长干行》 妾发初覆额，折花门前剧。 郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。 同居长干里，两小无嫌猜。 十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。 低头向暗壁，千唤不一回。

47. Fenollosa 费诺罗萨诗歌理论： “1 、运动说 —— 诗歌应传达力的转移； 2 、隐喻说 — — 诗歌的本质在于隐喻； 3 、弦外之音说 —— 诗歌应 富有附加的意蕴。 ” 1 、译者实践了费氏的 “ 生动图画 ” 说 —— 视觉意象，如 “the front gate” 、 “flowers” 、 “bamboo stilts” 、 “horse” 、 等等； 2\ 译者将原诗诗句分成若干个较小的视觉单位， 如 “playing horse——walked about my seat—— playing with blue plums” ，从而强化了它们的独立性， 使之在并置后，互相映带，生发新意。且因其间关联 成分的省略，这在西方传统的作诗法里，打破了语法 严谨、逻辑性强的句型，是新颖的手法。

48. 十五始展眉，愿同尘与灰。 常存抱柱信，岂上望夫台。 十六君远行，瞿塘 滟滪堆 。 五月不可触，猿声天上哀。 门前迟行迹，一一生绿苔。 苔深不能扫，落叶秋风早。 八月蝴蝶黄，双飞西园草。 感此伤妾心，坐愁红颜老！ 早晚下三巴，预将书报家。 相迎不道远，直至长风沙。

49. 长干行：属乐府《杂曲歌辞》调名。 长干里：在今南京市，当年系船民集居之地， 故《长干曲》多抒发船家女子的感情。 抱柱信：曲出《庄子 · 盗跖篇》，写尾生与一 女子相约于桥下，女子未到而突然涨水，尾生 守信而不肯离去，抱着柱子被水淹死。 滟滪堆 ：三峡之一瞿塘峡峡口的一块大礁石， 农历五月涨水没礁，船只易触礁翻沉。 长风沙：地名，在今安徽省安庆市的长江边上， 距南京约 700 里。

51. use of images and allusion ： In this poem Pound uses images such as "hair" "grown moss" "falling leaves" to suggest the passing years and growing age. Besides ， Pound employs an allusion to "a story of a woman waiting for her husband on a hill." In Pound's version, the line emphasizes the otherworldly nature of her love during her marriage.

52. Comments on Ezra Pound Ezra Pound is generally considered the poet most responsible for defining (characterizing) and promoting a modernist artistic poetry.

53. Comments on Ezra Pound In the early twentieth century, he opened an influential exchange of work and ideas between British and American writers, and was famous for the generosity.

54. Comments on Ezra Pound His own significant contributions to poetry begin with his announcement of Imagism, a movement in poetry.

55. Comments on Ezra Pound He stressed clarity, precision, and economy of language, and foregoing (earlier) traditional rhyme and meter in order to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase.