1. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

2. reproduction It is a biological process where the living organism produces new individuals of the same kind and thus, ensuring its continuity

3. Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction occurs by only one living organism. It mostly occurs in single-celled living organisms such as budding in a yeast and binary fission in Amoeba.

4. Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction occurs in most higher living organisms of plants and animals. It occurs through two living organisms, one of them is a male and the other is a female.

5. First: Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction occurs in unicellular living organisms and some multicellular animals and plants where a living organism produces new individuals that have genetic traits identical to the parents. Asexual reproduction includes mitosis that does not require special systems or structures in the living organism.

6. Types of asexual reproduction 1 Binary fission 2 Budding 3 Regeneration Spore propagation Vegetative propagation

7. 1 - Binary fission This type of division occurs in unicellular protozoans such as amoeba, paramecium and euglena and also in simple algae and bacteria.

8. 2 Budding : Bud in yeast emerges as a lateral bulge in the cell then the cell nucleus is divided (mitosis) into two nucleuli. One of them remains in the parental cell and the other immigrates to the bud.

9. 3 - Regeneration Regeneration is the ability of animals to compensate their missing parts. The living organism can reproduce by one of its parts. Starfish arms could be revived and give out a complete animal if they contain a part of the central disc of the animal.

10. 4 - Spore propagation It is a type of asexual reproduction which is more common in some fungi such as bread mould and mushrooms. Fungi have special organs called sporangia When spores find a suitable environment, they starts growing to gives out a new organism.

11. 5 - Vegetative propagation plants reproduce vegetatively without needing seeds by their vegetative organs and the cells (tissues culturing) to produce new plants very similar to the parent plant From the above, you see that the asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to their parents. It is caused by (mitosis

12. Second: Sexual reproduction It is the type of reproduction in the higher living organisms. Sexual reproduction occurs between two parental individuals. One of them is a male and the other is a female. Sexual reproduction depends on two main processes: formation of gametes and fertilization.

13. Formation of gametes Gametes in organisms are formed of reproductive cells by the meiotic division (reduction division). Gametes resulted from this division contain (N) of chromosomes

14. Fertilization : It means the combination of the male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote This zygote contains genetic material from each parent The resulted offspring have new genetic traits that combine the parent’s traits. Thus, sexual reproduction is a source of genetic variation.

15. واخيراً...... المعرفة كالمحبة تنمو بالمشاركة. المعرفة كالمحبة تنمو بالمشاركة. أنت ما تعرفه.... ما تعرفه هو ما تتعلمه ‘ أنت ما تعرفه.... ما تعرفه هو ما تتعلمه ‘ لذا احرص على التعلم باستمرار. لذا احرص على التعلم باستمرار. المعرفة كالمحبة تنمو بالمشاركة. المعرفة كالمحبة تنمو بالمشاركة. أنت ما تعرفه.... ما تعرفه هو ما تتعلمه ‘ أنت ما تعرفه.... ما تعرفه هو ما تتعلمه ‘ لذا احرص على التعلم باستمرار. لذا احرص على التعلم باستمرار.